•B 


A6RIC,  DEPT. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES 

AND 

HERBACEOUS 
PERENNIALS 


A  Practical  Handbook  oF 

TREES   SHRUBS  VINES 

AND 

HERBACEOUS 
PERENNIALS 

John  K 


formerly  Assistant  to  Director  of  the  Royal  Botanical  Gardens 

Copenhagen,  Denmark 

Latterly  Twenty  Years  in  American  Forestry 
and  Botanical  Work 


HARDY  AND   ORNAMENTAL   VARIETIES 

THEIR  CHARACTERISTICS,  USES 

AND  TREATMENT 


ye  hae  naething  else  to  do,  ye  may  be  aye 
sticking  in  a  tree.  It  will  be  growing  when  ye're 
sleeping" 

SIR  WALTER  SCOTT 


.uoJSHED  BY 

THE  BULLARD  COMPANY 

BOSTON,  MASSACHUSETTS 

V,  B.  CLARKE  COMPANY,  Distributors 
26-28  Tremont  St.,  Boston,  Mass, 


Copyrighted  1912 

TBS   BULLARD  COMPAWY 

Boston,  Mass. 


^w. 


The  Blanchard   Prats 
Worcester    Mass. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PREFACE      f 

ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  SPECIES 15-129 

PLANTING  PLANS       130-139 

ABBREVIATIONS 140 

GLOSSARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS 140 

DESCRIPTION  AND  CLASSIFICATION  OF  SPECIES       .    .     142-356 

WHEN  TO  PLANT 357 

How  TO  PLANT 358 

PRUNING 359 

OUTDOOR  CULTURE  OF  ROSES       361 

LAWNS  AND  How  TO  MAKE  THEM 365 

THE  INSECT  PESTS  OF  SHADE  TREES  AND  SHRUBS  .  .  .  369 
TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  PLANTS  FOR  SPECIAL  PURPOSES  .  .  389 
PLANTS  PARTICULARLY  ADAPTED  FOR  ROCK  GARDENS  .  .  389 
PLANTS  FOR  BOG  GARDENS  OR  GOOD  IN  WET  PLACES  .  .  390 

A  FEW  GOOD  HEDGE  PLANTS 391 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  WITH  ORNAMENTAL  FRUIT    ....  392 

TREES  AND  SHRUBS  WITH  DISTINCT  COLORED 

LEAVES  OTHER  THAN  GREEN    .   393 

LIST  OF  THE  BEST  HARDY  FERNS 394 

GENERAL  INDEX .  395 


292362 


PREFACE. 

)N  THE  preparation  of  this  volume,  the  purpose  continually  in 
the  mind  of  the  author  has  been  to  afford  a  simple  and  con- 
venient reference  book  of  the  ornamental  trees  and  plants 
hardy  in  this  climate;  simple,  yet  concise,  a  guide  valu- 
able not  only  to  the  amateur,  but  to  the  busy  architect, 
gardener  or  plantsman  as  well.  Its  form  has  been  suggested 
by  the  needs  encountered  during  a  long  period  of  private  and 
commercial  association  with  plants,  when  the  material  here  set 
forth  would  at  times  have  been  most  useful. 

It  is  as  a  reference  book  that  it  will  take  its  place.  Exhaustive 
descriptions,  variations  from  type,  and  more  technical  matter 
must  be  sought  among  the  horticultural  encyclopaedias.  In 
these  pages,  however,  will  be  found  general  cultural  information 
and  directions  sufficient  for  all  ordinary  requirements.  When 
and  how  to  plant,  pruning,  spraying  and  cultivation  are  each 
treated  comprehensively.  Propagation  has  not  been  touched 
upon,  as  it  is  a  generally  accepted  fact  that  trees  and  plants,  of 
sizes  suitable  for  planting  in  their  permanent  places,  can  be  more 
easily  obtained  from  reliable  nurserymen,  and  give,  as  a  rule, 
better  satisfaction  to  the  amateur  gardener.  Trees,  shrubs  and 
plants  have  been  classified  according  to  their  suitability  for  cer- 
tain purposes.  Space  is  given  to  the  making  and  proper  care  of 
lawns.  The  more  common  injurious  insects  are  described,  and 
means  for  their  extermination  are  discussed.  In  short,  the  author 
has  earnestly  endeavored  to  include  whatever  information  the 
average  householder  needs  to  enable  him  to  make  a  selection  of 
such  trees  and  plants  as  are  best  adapted  to  his  purposes,  and 
to  aid  him  in  properly  caring  for  the  grounds  about  his  home. 

Regarding  the  plants  themselves,  doubtless  many  omissions 
will  be  found  from  the  more  or  less  familiar  sorts ;  but  let  it  here 
be  said  that  only  such  are  included  as  have  proved  their  worth 
under  ordinarily  favorable  conditions  of  cultivation  and  climate. 


10  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

Authorities  will  be  found  who  differ  in  many  cases  from  the 
facts  here  presented,  especially  in  regard  to  ultimate  heights, 
times  of  flowering,  and  habits  of  growth;  but  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  plants  are  highly  sensitive  to  environment,  and  that 
external  influences,  favorable  or  otherwise,  determine  their  devel- 
opment. Here  are  tabulated  the  personal  observations  of  the 
author  as  he  has  found  the  plants  under  average  conditions. 
The  indicated  heights  of  the  various  shrubs,  for  instance,  are 
such  as  they  attain  in  well-kept  border-plantings,  rather  than 
the  maximum  growth  found  in  individual  specimens  planted 
singly. 

The  beautifying  of  home  grounds  is  rapidly  becoming  a  habit 
among  a  great  majority  of  our  people.  It  is  a  habit  happily 
encouraged  by  influences  on  every  hand.  By  "  home  grounds  " 
is  meant  not  alone  the  spacious  surroundings  of  the  suburban 
mansion,  but  equally  the  less  extensive  village  "  lot "  or  city 
"  back  yard."  Possibilities  are  ever  present.  Even  a  few  square 
feet,  given  the  necessary  care,  will  support  something  that  grows 
into  beauty.  An  unsightly  heap  of  stones,  of  promiscuous  char- 
acter and  lineage,  may  be  transformed  into  a  garden  of  plants 
whose  character  suits  them  to  such  forbidding  surroundings.  A 
few  helpful  suggestions  may  perhaps  show  the  way  to  surprising 
improvement;  and  the  satisfaction  thus  attained  is  a  reward  to 
be  coveted. 

If  the  author  has  succeeded  in  so  presenting  such  suggestions 
that  they  will  prove  of  benefit  to  his  readers,  he  will  feel  that  his 
efforts  have  not  been  in  vain. 

The  botanical  names  given  in  this  book  are  based  upon  the 
nomenclature  accepted  in  Bailey's  Cyclopedia  of  American 
Horticulture  and  the  Index  Kewensis.  The  popular  names  are 
those  in  most  general  usage.  In  the  capitalization  of  the  specific 
names  the  rules  of  the  recent  Botanical  Congress  of  Vienna  have 
been  followed  and  only  those  specific  names  which  are  derived 
from  the  names  of  persons  or  those  which  have  been  used  as 
generic  names  have  been  capitalized. 

Professor  E.  A.  White  and  Dr.  H.  T.  Fernald  of  the  Mass. 
Agricultural  College  have  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  the 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  11 

preparation  of  this  book.  Prof.  White's  editorial  work  has 
been  especially  referable  to  correctness  of  nomenclature. 
Dr.  Fernald's  editorial  work  has  been  especially  referable  to 
the  subject  of  "  Injurious  Insects,  Pests  and  their  Treatment." 
To  these  gentlemen  we  extend  our  hearty  thanks. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

With  Botanical  and  Common  Names. 

Characteristics,  uses  and  treatment  of  the  illustrated  trees, 
shrubs,  vines  and  herbaceous  perennials  may  be  found  by  reference 
to  the  botanical  name  of  each  in  the  regular  classification  tables. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  show  merely  pretty  pictures,  but 
to  illustrate  many  of  the  uncommon  or  partially  known  species  and 
varieties. 


Picea  Engelmanni — Engelmann's  Spruce 


Aquilegias — Columbines 


Veronica  longifolia  var.  subsessilis — Speedwell 


Pyrus  floribunda — Flowering  Crabapple 


Hemlocks  and  Mountain  Laurel 


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Hibiscus  syriacus  fl.  pi.— Double  Rose  of  Sharon 


Chionanthus  virginica — White  Fringe 


Liatris  pycnostachya — Blazing  Star 


Dictamnus  albus — Gas  Plant 


Shasta  Daisies 


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Tulips 


Osmunda  regalis— Royal  Ferns 


Berberis  Thunbergii  Hedge 


Fagus  sylvatica  var.  pendula — Weeping  Beech 


Coreoprfi  lanceolata — Tickseed 


Wistaria  chinensis — Chinensis  Wistaria 


An  Avenue  of  Poplars 


Calycanthus  floridus — Carolina  Allspice 


Juniperus  virginiana — Red  Cedar 


Syringa  vulgaris  var.  alba — White  Lilac 


Clematis  paniculata — Panicle-flowered  Clematis 


Clethra  alnifolia — Sweet  Pepperbush 


Leucothos  catesbaei — Leucothoe 


Lilies  in  the  Herbaceous  Border 


Catalpa  speciosa 


Digitalis  purpurea — Foxgloves 


Water  Margin  Planting 


Vine  Effect  with  Dutchman's  Pipe  and  Clematis  paniculata 


Cypripedium  spectabile — Showy  Lady's  Slipper 


A  Border  Planting  of  Foxgloves  and  Sweet- Williams 


Iris  germanica — German  Iris 


Hibiscus  moscheutos  var.  Crimson  Eye — Crimson-eyed  Hibiscus 


Fagus  sylvatica  var.  heterophylla — Fern-leaved  Beech 


Rosa  Baltimore  Belle  and  Eulalia  gracillimus 


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PLANTING  LIST  FOR  PLAN  NUMBER  ONE. 

List       No.  of 

No.       Plants 

1  290     Berberis  Thunbergii.    Japanese  Barberries.     Or  Ligustrum 

folium.    California  Privets,  to  be  planted  1  foot  apart. 

2  9     Populus  nigra  var.  italica.    Lombardy  Poplars. 

3  25     AUhcea  rosea.    Hollyhocks,  to  be  planted  1  foot  apart. 

4  4    Vines  as  follows: 

1  Lonicera  japonica  var.  Halliana.    Hall's  Honeysuckle. 
1  Clematis  paniculata.    Panicle-flowered  Clematis. 
1  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia.    Virginia  Creeper. 
1  Lycium  halimifolium.    Matrimony  Vine. 

5  7     Vines  as  follows: 

1  Wistaria  chinensis.    Chinese  Wistaria. 

1  Tecoma  radicans.    Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 

1  Clematis  Jackmanni.      Jackman's  Hybrid  Clematis. 

1  Actinidia  polygama.    Japanese  Actinida. 

1  Dorothy  Perkins  Rose. 

1  Crimson  Rambler  Rose. 

1  Aristolochia  macro phylla.    Dutchman's  Pipe. 

6  2    Early  ripening  Grapes. 

7  8    Spircea  bumalda,  var.  A.  Water er.    Anthony  Waterer  Spiraea. 

8  6     Cydonia  japonica.    Japanese  Quince. 

9  5     Hydrangea  paniculata.    Fall-flowering  Hydrangea. 

10  5  Lespedeza  bicolor.    Bush  Clover. 

11  7  Forsythia  suspensa  var.  fortunei.    Drooping  Golden  Bell. 

12  6  Kerria  japonica.    Shrubby  Globe-flower. 

13  5  Rosa  rugosa.    Japanese  Rose. 

14  7  Spircea  Thunbergii.    Thunberg's  Spiraea. 

15  7  Stephanandra  flexuosa.    Stephanandra. 

16  6  Ligustrum  ibota.    Japanese  Privet. 

17  8  Hydrangea    paniculata    var.    grandiflora.       Large-flowered    Fall 

Hydrangea. 

18  5  Calycanthus  floridus.    Carolina  Allspice. 

19  6  Lonicera  tatarica.    Tartarian  Honeysuckle. 

20  7  Elteagnus  longipes.    Oleaster. 

21  5  Diervilla  florida.    Weigelia. 

22  7  Prunus  japonica.    Flowering  Almond. 

23  4  Myrica  cerifera.    Bay-berry. 

24  5  Rosa  rugosa  var.  alba.    White  Japanese  Rose. 

25  10     Amorpha  fruticosa.    False  Indigo. 

26  9  Philadelphus  Coronarius.    Sweet-scented  Syringa. 

27  8  Syringa  vulgaris  and  persica.    Various  varieties.    Mixed  Lilacs. 

28  4  Spircea  japonica  var.  alba.    White-flowered  Japanese  Spiraea. 

29  8  Viburnum  opulus.    Mountain  Cranberry. 

30  6  Spircea  prunifolium.    Bridal  Wreath. 

31  6  Spircea  bracteata.    Round-leaved  Spiraea. 


132  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

List  No.  of 

No.  Plants 

32  6  Sambucus  nigra  var.  aurea.    Golden-leaved  Elder. 

33  4  Ribes  alpinum.    Alpine  or  Mountain  Currant. 

34  5  Euonymus  alatus.    Winged  Burning-bush. 

35  3  Spiraa  Thunbergii.    Thunberg's  Spiraea. 

36  5  Acanthopanax  pentaphylla.    Five-leaved  Aralia. 

37  5  Acanthopanax  pentaphylla.    Five-leaved  Aralia. 

38  6  Prairie  Roses. 

39  6  Forsythia  suspensa.    Drooping  Golden  Bell. 

40  5  Viburnum  tomentosum  var.  plicatum.    Japanese  Snowball. 

41  8  Rhodotypus  kerrioides.    White  Kerria. 

42  7  Deutzia  scabra  crenata.    Rough-leaved  Deutzia. 

43  6  Rhus  cotinus.    Smoke-bush. 

44  5  Chionanthus  virginica.    White  Fringe. 

45  6  Cornus  alba.    Red-barked  Ozier. 

46  1  Catalpa  speciosa.    Southern  Catalpa. 

47  1  Picea  alba.    White  Spruce. 

48  1  Apple  Tree. 

49  1  Picea  pungens.    Blue  Spruce. 

50  1  Fagus  sylvatica  var.  purpurea  Riversi.    Rivers'  Purple  Beech. 

51  1  Betula  alba  var.  pendula  laciniata.    Cut-leaved  Birch. 

52  36  Best  Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses. 

53  6  Hardy  Asters.] 

54  5  Achilles  ptarmica  var.    The  Pearl. 

55  6  Coreopsis  lanceolata.    Lance-leaved  Tickseed. 

56  8  Sedum  spectabile.    Showy  Sedum. 

57  8  Scarlet  Phlox  paniculata.    Panicled  Hardy  Phlox. 

58  5  Delphiniums.    Various  species.    Perennial  Larkspurs. 

59  6  Paonia  oficinalis.    Paeonias. 

60  6  White  Phlox  paniculata. 

61  5  Veronica  longifolia  var.  subsessilis.    Speedwell. 

62  8  Chrysantheum  leucanthemum  var.  hybrida.    Shasta  Daisies. 

63  6  Aquilegia  chrysantha  and  various  species  of  tall  Columbines.    Tall 

Columbines. 

Tulips,    Narcissuses,  Hyacinths,    Scillas  and  Snowdrops   may   be 
planted  among  shrubs  and  near  edge  of  beds. 


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PLANTING  LIST  FOR  ROSE  AND  HERBACEOUS 
GARDEN. 

List  No.  of 

No.  Plants 

1  203  Festuca  glauca.     Blue  Fescue  Grass,  to  be  planted  8  inches  apart. 

2  12  Dianthus  barbatus  var.  White  Reserve.    Sweet-William. 

3  12  Dianthus  barbatus  var.  Abbotsford. 

4  24  Lychnis  viscaria  var.  spkndens.    German  Catchfly. 

5  36  Viola  odorata.    Hardy  Russian  Violets. 

6  30  Armeria  maritima  var.  robusta.    Sea  Pink. 

7  27  Viola  cornuta.    Horned  Violet. 

8  22  Veronica  supria.    Bastard  Speedwell. 

9  12  Gaillardia  aristata.    Perennial  Gaillardia. 

10  8  Phlox  paniculata  var.  Annie  Cook.    Perennial  Phlox. 

11  14  Lupinus  polyphyllus.    Lupine. 

12  11  Phlox  paniculata  var.  Coquelicot.    Perennial  Phlox. 

13  15  Platycodon  grandiflorum.    Japanese  Bell-flower. 

14  18  Sedum  spectabile.    Showy  Sedum. 

15  12  Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum  hybridum  var.  Alaska. 

16  12  Sedum  spectabile.    Showy  Sedum. 

17  6  Hardy  Chrysanthemums,  yellow. 

18  14  Statice  latifolia.    Sea  Lavender. 

19  10  Astilbe  japonica  var.  Queen  Charlotte.    Astilbe  or  Spiraea. 

20  8  (Enothera  fruticosa  var.   Youngii.    Young's  Sundrops. 

21  12  Phlox  suffruticosa  var.  Miss  Lingard.    Southern  Phlox. 

22  10  Monarda  didyma.    Oswego  Tea. 

23  10  Physostegia  virginiana.    False  Dragon-head. 

24  16  Gypsophila  Stevenii.    Dwarf  Baby's-breath. 

25  15  Veronica  longifolia.    Long-leaved  Speedwell. 

26  12  Astilbe  japonica  var.  floribunda.    Astilbe  or  Spiraea. 

27  24  Asclepias  tuberosa.    Butterfly  Weed. 

28  11  Physostegia  virginiana  var.  alba.    White  False  Dragon-head. 

29  12  Sedum  maximum  var.  hcematodes.    Purple- leaved  sedum. 

30  6  Papaver  orientale.    Oriental  Poppies,  and 
4  Lilium  auratum.    Gold-banded  Lily. 

31  12  Campanula  medium.    In  variety.  Canterbury  Bells. 

32  14  Phlox  paniculatum.    White.    Perennial  Phlox. 

33  6  Aquilegia.    Various  species.    Columbines. 

34  10  Lobelia  cardinalis.    Cardinal  Flower. 

35  50  Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses  in  variety. 

36  104  Baby  Rambler  Roses,  to  be  planted  1  foot  apart. 


PLA/M  /MO.  3 
ive  Treatment  of  City  Sackyard 


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PLANTING  LIST  FOR  PLAN  NUMBER  THREE. 

Liat  No.  of 

No.  Plants 

1  1  Wistaria  multijuga.    Loose-clustered  Wistaria. 

2  1  Tecoma  radicans.    Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 

3  2  Juniperus  communis  var.  hibernica.    Irish  Juniper. 

4  3  Berberis  Thunbergii.    Japanese  Barberry. 

5  4  Ligustrum  ovalifolium.    California  Privets. 

6  6  Phlox  paniculata.     In  variety.    Perennial  Phlox. 

7  3  Rhododendron  catawbiense  hybridum.    Hybrid  Rhododendrons. 

8  3  Euonymus  europceus.    Strawberry  Tree. 

9  3  Forsythia  suspensa  var.  fortune*.    Fortune's  Golden  Bell. 

10  6  Coreopsis  lanceolata.    Tickseed. 

11  15  Iris  germanica.    German  Iris  in  variety. 

12  3  Rosa  rugosa.    Japanese  Rose. 

13  3  Kalmia  latifolia.    Mountain  Laurel. 

14  3  Viburnum  opulus.    Mountain  Cranberry. 

15  4  Symphoricarpos  racemosus.    Snowberry. 

16  5  Pceonia  officinalis.    In  variety.    Garden  Paeonies. 

17  3  Kerria  japonica.    Globe-flower. 

18  4  Populus  nigra  var.  italica.    Lombardy  Poplar. 


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PLANTING  LIST  FOR  ROSE  GARDEN. 

Last       No.  of 
No.        Plants 

1  14    Persian  Yellow  Roses,  planted  1$  feet  apart. 

2  20    White  Moss  Roses,  planted  1$  feet  apart. 

3  14    Harrison  Yellow  Roses,  planted  1$  feet  apart. 

4  2     Dorothy  Perkins  Roses  for  arch. 

5  2    Lady  Gay  Roses  for  arch. 

6  74    Hybrid  Perpetual  Roses,  planted  2  feet  apart. 

2    Crimson  Rambler  Roses  in  tree  shape. 

8  16    Hybrid  Tea  Roses,  planted  1}  feet  apart. 

9  100    Baby  Rambler  Roses,  planted  1  foot  apart. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

A.  Very  hardy. 

B.  Requires  a  sheltered  position. 

C.  Requires  protection  until  well  established. 

D.  Rapid  in  growth. 

E.  Slow  in  growth. 

F.  Prefers  a  moist  soil. 

G.  Thrives  in  any  good  soil. 

H.  Thrives  best  in  a  light  warm  soil. 

/.  Particularly  good  for  cutting. 

5.  Shrub,  or  generally  grown  in  bush-form. 

T.  Tree  or  generally  grown  in  tree-form. 

X.  (Found  in  Rose-List.)     Indicates  best  flowering  varieties. 

Y.  (Found  in  Lilacs.)     Indicates  largest  and  best  blooms. 


GLOSSARY. 

Capsule,  A  many-celled  seed-vessel. 

Cleft,  Divided,  split,  parted. 

Conical,  Having  the  form  of  a  cone. 

Decumbent,         Reclining,  but  with  tips  ascending. 

Edible,  Fit  to  be  eaten  as  food. 

Fastigiate,  Branches  erect  and  close  together. 

Frond,  Leaf  of  a  fern. 

Glaucous,  A  dull  green  passing  into  gray  blue. 

Globose,  Round,  spherical,  globular. 

Herbaceous  Perennial,         A  soft  stemmed  plant,  which  perishes  down  to  the 

root  annually. 

Hybrid,  A  variety  produced  from  the  mixture  of  two  species. 

Lobed,  Divided  to  the  middle  into  parts  distant  from  each  other, 

with  convex  margins. 

Mulch,  A  light  covering,  as  hay,  straw  or  leaves. 

Palmate,  Having  the  shape  of  a  hand. 

Panicles,  Scattered  fruit  or  flowers.     Clusters  on  peduncles  variously 

sub-divided. 

Pedicels,  Short  flower  or  fruit  stalks. 

Pendulous,          Hanging,  drooping. 

Petiole,  The  stem  of  a  leaf,  connecting  the  leaf  with  the  plant. 

Pinnate,  Compound,  feather-shaped. 

Plumose,  Feathery. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


141 


Procumbent,  Trailing,  prostrate,  lying  on  the  ground. 

Prostrate,  Lying  flat  upon  the  ground. 

Pubescent,  Downy. 

Pyramidal,  Having  the  shape  of  a  pyramid. 

Raceme,  A  cluster  of  flowers  or  fruit. 

Recurving,  Bending  toward  the  ground. 

Sepal,  A  part  of  the  calyx  or  perianth  of  a  flower. 

Sterile,  Barren,  unfruitful. 

Tendril  discs,  Claspers  given  to  climbing  plants  for  supports. 

Tuberous,  Round,  fleshy,  underground  stems,  as,  for  example,  potatoes. 

Trifoliate,  Having  three  leaves. 

Tubular,  Having  the  form  of  a  tube  or  pipe. 

Umbel,  A  flat-topped  flower  cluster. 

Whorl,  Leaves  or  flowers  arranged  around  a  stem,  in  the  same  plane 
with  each  other. 


142 


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A  good  edging  plant  of  easy  culture. 
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Foliage  grass-like  and  fragrant.  Flow- 
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border.  A.G.  I. 

A  great  many  species  are  cultivated, 
but  following  are  named  a  few  of  the 
best  and  most  desirable  species. 
Asters  are  of  the  easiest  culture,  and 
worthy  of  a  place  in  every  garden. 
Good  in  masses  with  shrubs  or  in  the 
hardy  border.  Flowers  daisy-like 
and  produced  in  great  quantities. 

Leaves  in  dense  clusters;  flowers  single 
and  solitary.  Good  for  edging  of 
borders  or  for  the  rock-garden.  A.G. 

Very  effective  with  shrubbery.  Flow- 
ers and  foliage  very  large,  the  latter 
lance-shaped,  sometimes  more  than 
a  foot  long.  A.  G.  I. 

Very  showy  and  free-flowering.  A.G.I. 

Individual  flowers  small,  but  borne  in 
great  profusion.  A.G.  I. 

One  of  the  best.  A.G.  I. 

A  beautiful  variety  of  our  New  Eng- 
land aster,  with  exceptionally  large 
individual  flowers.  A.G.  I. 

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beds,  and  often 
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A  creation  of  Mr.  bank's  which 
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Flowers  daisy-like,  often  3  or  4  inch 
across.  Improved  varieties  are  C. 
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low  tinted,  and  var.  Westrali 
branching  in  habit,  with  large  cre 
white  flowers.  A.  F.  I. 


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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


oduction  of  great  value.  It 
d  between  C.  paniculata 
idiana,  having  the  foliage 
of  the  latter  and  the  hardi- 
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A  beautiful  climber  with  glossy,  dark 
green  leaves  and  sweet-scented,  star- 
shaped  flowers  produced  in  profusion. 
Styles  becoming  plumose  in  fruit, 
gives  it  a  white,  feathery  appear- 
ance. Good  for  covering  porches 
and  arbors.  A.  C.  D.  G. 

Flowers  in  clusters,  fragrant.  Very 
showy.  Good  for  the  hardy  border. 
A.G.  I. 

Good  foliage  and  flowers,  but  its 
fruits  with  their  showy  woolly  tufts 
make  the  plant  particularly  attrac- 
tive. Good  for  covering  walls,  tree 
trunks  and  heavy  trellises.  A.  D.G. 

5.  Flowers  in  fragrant  spikes.  A 
native  shrub  valuable  for  massing  in 
shady  or  low  spots.  A.  E.  F. 

Excellent  for  ground  cover  in  cool, 
moist  places;  especially  attractive  for 
foliage  and  fruit  effects. 

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hade-loving  plant.  Pre- 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


183 


Flower  stems  more  slender  than  those 
of  the  preceding.  Very  graceful  and 
useful.  Flowers  daisy-like  and  last 
well  after  being  cut.  A.  G.  I. 

Similar  to  C.  sanguina,  but  with 
brighter  red  twigs  and  light  blue 
fruits. 

S.  In  growth  as  the  C.  alba,  but  with 
bright  yellow  and  green  variegated 
leaves. 

5.  A  very  distinct  shrub  or  small 
tree,  useful  in  the  shrub  border.  The 
branches  are  arranged  in  irregular 
whorls,  forming  flat,  horizontally 
spreading  tiers.  Foliage  good.  A. 
D.  F. 

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5.  A  showy  shrub  with  a  profusion  of 
flowers  in  early  spring  before  the 
leaves  appear.  Berries  scarlet.  A.E.F. 

11 

5.  Particularly  attractive  in  autumn, 
when  it  is  covered  with  clusters  of 
pure  white  fruits  on  red  stems.  Dense 
in  growth,  with  slender  upright 
branches.  A.  E.  F. 

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5.  A  pretty  shrub  wit 
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showy  bracts  about  3  ir 
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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Remarks 

S.  A  native  thorn  of  great  value  for 
hedges  and  screens.  Dense  in  growth. 
Leaves  dark  and  glossy;  fruit  bril- 
liant scarlet.  Transplants  best  in 
early  spring.  Many  varieties.  A.G. 

S.  Good  for  hedges  and  screens; 
particularly  attractive  in  fall,  when 
its  leaves  assume  a  most  brilliant 
color.  Fruits  scarlet.  Transplants 
best  in  early  spring.  A.  G. 

T.  Large  leaves.  Showy  with  large 
scarlet  fruit.  Good  for  screens.  A 
very  attractive  small  tree.  A.  D.G. 

S.  Bushy  in  growth,  making  good 
hedge  plants.  Completely  covered  in 
spring  with  pure  white  flowers  and 
in  autumn  with  bright  red  fruit.  A. 
D.G. 

T.  Flowers  numerous.  A  showy  and 
pretty  tree  while  in  bloom.  Rather 
open  habit  of  growth.  A.  E.G. 

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useful  shrub  with  sweet-scented 
rs  in  loose  clusters.  In  exposed 
t  is  inclined  to  winter-kill. 


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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Remarks 

Flowers  somewhat  smaller  than  those 
of  the  preceding.  A.G.  /. 

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5.  Dense  in  growth.  Leaves  varie- 
gated with  white  and  yellow.  A  very 
pretty  shrub.  B.  E.  H. 

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5.  The  hardiest  of  the  Diervillas; 
free  flowering.  Flowers  very  hand- 
some and  fragrant.  B.  E.  H. 

Flowers  tubular,  produced  in  long 
flower-clusters,  in  colors  varying 
from  deep  purple-pink  to  white. 
Good  in  the  border  among  shrubs. 
If  cut  freely  it  will  continue  to  bloom 
until  late  in  summer.  A  .  H.  I. 

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5.  Foliage  light  green;  flowers  quite 
showy.  Very  compact  in  growth, 
and  good  as  a  single  specimen  for  the 
lawn,  or  in  masses  with  other  shrubs. 
A.  E.  F. 

Good  in  the  rock-garden  and  under 
shrubs  or  trees.  Umbels  of  drooping 
flowers  on  erect  stems.  A  graceful 
plant  of  easy  culture.  A.  F. 

Flowers  showy;  plant  bushy  in  growth. 
Blooms  are  often  4  inches  in  diameter. 
A  valuable  spring-flowering  perfen- 
nial.  Good  in  the  flower  border  or 
under  trees.  A.  F.  I. 

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and  last  well  after  being  cut.  A.  E.  I. 

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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


with  flowers 
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ping  petals.  A  very 
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flowers.  Leaves  resemble  th 
the  Poker-plant.  Only  well  est 
lished  plants  will  produce  flow 
Requires  heavy  protection  in  winter. 
Good  for  grouping  in  background  of 
hardy  border.  B.  C.  H. 


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A  pretty,  native  bulbous  plan 
ering  profusely  in  the  spring. 
ers  lily-like,  about  1  inch 
Particularly  good  for  the  rock- 
or  to  plant  under  trees.  Leav 
mottled.  A.  F. 


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Leaves  small,  oval.  Berries  scarlet, 
ornamental.^  The  foliage  turns  a 
most  beautiful  crimson  in  autumn. 
A.  E.G. 

5.  Resembles  the  E.  americanus,  but 
has  more  attractive  foliage  and 
fruits.  A.  D.G. 

84 

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showy  scarlet  fruit  in  autumn.  Good 
in  front  of  taller  shrubs  or  for  rocker- 
ies. A.  E.G. 

A  spreading  vine  or  low  clinging  shrub 
which  can  be  used  for  covering  tree 
trunks,  rocks  or  brick  walls.  Also 
good  for  planting  under  Rhododen- 
drons or  other  shrubs  to  cover 
ground.  A.  E.G. 

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spreading.  Transplant  on 
ring.  C.  E.  G. 


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202 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


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flowers  large,  on 
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.  A  slender,  pyramidal  tree  with 
an-shaped  leaves.  ^Very  picturesque 
nd  good  as  a  specimen  tree.  Gen- 
rally free  from  attacks  of  insects. 
.  C.  E.  H. 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


205 


T.  Small  flowers  in  racemes,  followed 
by  pods  often  1  J  feet  long.  Good  for 
park  or  street  planting  and  makes 
impenetrable  hedges  if  planted  thick- 
ly and  pruned  severely.  A.  D.G. 

T.  Irregular  in  growth  with  pendu- 
lous branches.  An  attractive  small 
tree.  A.  E.G. 

Foliage  prettily  marked  with  white. 
Dense  spikes  of  flowers.  Good  in  the 
rock-garden.  A.  F. 

T.  Foliage  a  peculiar  blue-green. 
Open  in  growth.  It  is  a  graceful 
tree,  free  from  diseases  or  insects. 
The  flowers  are  in  large  panicles,  and 
followed  by  large  pods  containing 
seeds  which  are  sometimes  used  as  a 
substitute  for  coffee.  A.  E.  F. 

A  most  graceful  plant,  excellent  for 
the  border.  Numerous  small  flowers 
in  feathery  panicles.  Very  useful 
for  cutting.  A.  G.  I. 

Trailing,  and  good  for  the  rock-garden. 
Flowers  small,  produced  in  great 
profusion.  A.  G. 

Very  showy  while  in  bloom,  and  a 
good  border  plant.  Individual  flow- 
ers larger,  but  panicles  smaller  than 
those  of  G.  paniculata.  A.  G. 

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206 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


ng  shrub,  with  darker 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


209 


Flowers  about  3  inches  across  and 
very  showy.  Tuberous  and  edible. 
Good  in  the  wild-garden  or  among 
shrubs.  A.  H. 

Flowers  numerous  and  about  2 
inches  across,  resembling  sun-flowers. 
Branching  in  habit.  Good  for  the 
hardy  border  or  dry  spots.  A.G.  I. 

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Leaves  long  and  sword-like.  Flowers 
trumpet-shaped,  fragrant,  measur- 
ing 5  inches  across.  A.G.  I. 

Good  on  banks  of  streams  or  in  clumps 
in  front  of  shrubs.  Fragrant,  lily-like 
flowers.  A.  F.  I. 

Somewhat  larger  than  H.  flava. 
Flowers  lily-shaped  and  in  clusters. 
Attractive  near  water  or  in  clumps 
with  shrubs.  A.  F.  I. 

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!T.  A  native  narrow-headed  tree, 
excellent  for  picturesque  effects. 
Difficult  to  transplant. 

A  pretty  plant  for  the  rock-garden  or 
dry  spots  where  few  other  plants  can 
grow,  but  a  bad  weed  if  allowed  to 
spread.  Flowers  in  clusters  some- 
what resembling  dandelions.  A.  G. 

S.  Good  for  seashore  planting. 
Leaves  gray-white,  narrow.  Flowers 
small  and  in  clusters.  A.  G. 

pi 
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fences  or  tree  trunks.  Leaves 
rough;  young  flowers  and  hops  very 
fragrant.  A.  D.G. 

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An  excellent  early  species,  blooming 
most  freely  and  thriving  in  any  situ- 
ation. Good  for  the  rock-garden  or 
in  the  border.  Other  varieties  of  Iris 
pumila  are:  cyanea,  rich  purple, 
eburnea,  pure  white,  Florida,  lemon 
yellow.  A.G. 

Showy  flowers  in  clusters.  Foliage 
long,  narrow  and  dense.  A.  D.  F.  I. 

A  very  beautiful  free  flowering  variety 
of  the  above. 

A  most  useful  and  attractive  plant  for 
the  border  or  bog-garden.  A.  D.  F. 

1 
1 

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as  the  leaves  disappear  soon  after 
the  plant  has  flowered.  Multiplies 
rapidly  and  should  be  frequently 
divided.  B.  H.  I. 

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T.  Spreading  and  open  in  growth. 
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T.  A  majestic  tree,  attaining  great 
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great  quantity.  A  .  E.G. 

T.  A  handsome  round-headed  tree 
with  large,  bright  green  foliage. 
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valuable  of  the  walnuts.  B.  C.  D.  Gf 

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S.  A  very  brilliant  yellow  form  of  the 
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S.  A  form  of  the  preceding  with  tips 
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S.  One  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the 
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r.  Compact  and  pyramidal  in 
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Foliage  light  green  and  dense.  A.F.D. 

T.  Undoubtedly  the  most  beautiful 
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A  white  variety  of  the  preceding. 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


237 


clus- 
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g  plant  with  long,  narrow 
ch  disappears  before  the 
wers  are  produced.  Best 
ted  among  other  peren- 
wers single,  about  4  inches 
d  borne  on  stout  stems. 


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foliage  w 
fragrant 
when  pla 
nials.  Fl 
across,  a 
B.  H. 


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s 


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238 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


lea 


pretty,  round-aved,  creeping 
plant.  Good  to  cover  ground  under 
trees  where  grass  will  not  grow,  or 
for  the  rockery.  A.  D.G. 


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Cucumber 
Tree 


Silver-leaved 
Magnolia 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


239 


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pink  and 
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tree. 
scented 
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Flowers  large,  late  blooming. 

5.  A  very  beautiful  dwarf  tree  or 
shrub.  Flowers  3  to  4  inches  across, 
numerous,  star-shaped,  sweet-scent- 
ed. The  earliest  of  the  Magnolias  to 
bloom;  comparatively  very  hardy. 
C.  E.  F. 

A  profuse  bloomer.  Flowers  single, 
sweet-scented.  Good  in  the  border 
or  among  rocks.  A.  G. 

Like  the  preceding,  this  variety  is 
effective  if  planted  in  masses  against 
taller  plants.  Its  pure  white  flowers 
completely  cover  the  plants.  A  .  G. 

A  bitter  aromatic  herb  with  whitish, 
hairy  leaves.  Often  used  in  medi- 
cines for  coughs  and  colds.  A  .  G. 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


245 


5.  A  shrub  valued  for  the  showy,  pen- 
dulous red  berries  which  are  pro- 
duced in  autumn.  It  resembles 
closely  Ilex  verticillata,  being  erect  in 
growth,  with  narrow,  dull  green 
leaves  and  shiny  black  twigs.  A.  E.  F. 

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Leaves  dark  red  on  both  sides. 

T.  A  very  picturesque  tree  with 
leathery,  glossy  foliage  and  peculiar 
twiggy  branches.  One  of  the  most 
brilliant  crimson  trees  in  autumn. 
Should  be  transplanted  only  while 
young,  and  pruned  severely.  A.  E.  F. 

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ree  bloomer  and  attractive 
k-garden  or  border.  A.  B.F. 


g.  Branches  slen- 
aut If  inches  across, 
pink  with  age.  A  good 
border  or  rockery.  A. 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


247 


Trifoliate  leaves.  Flowers  pea-shaped  , 
in  racemes.  Somewhat  shrubby  in 
growth,  and  good  for  the  rockery. 
A.G.  I. 

An  interesting,  low  growing,  spread- 
ing cactus  with  showy  flowers  2  to  3 
inches  across.  Joints  obovate,  with 
innumerable  sharp,  reddish  spines. 
Good  among  rocks.  A  .  G. 

Resembles  the  preceding,  but  with 
lighter  green  or  grayish  spines.  A  .  G. 

A  spreading  plant  with  quite  showy 
flower  clusters.  Foliage  fragrant 
and  often  used  for  seasoning.  A.  G. 

One  of  our  most  common  and  most 
showy  ferns;  fronds  deep  green,  some- 
times 6  to  8  inches  wide.  Attractive 
in  masses  under  trees.  A.  F. 

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Wild 
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Cinnamon 
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Origanum  vulgare 

Osmunda  cinnamomea 

Osmunda  claytoniana 
Osmunda  regalis 

248 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Remarks 

7\  Birch-like  in  appearance,  con- 
spicuous in  late  summer  because  of 
the  bladder-shaped  fruits  in  ^  droop- 
ing clusters.  Older  bark  in  fine 
flakes.  A  good  tree  for  dry  places. 
A.  D.G. 

S.  Leaves  peach-like,  assuming  a 
brilliant  autumn  tint.  Flowers  in  clus- 
ters, bell-shaped.  Open  in  growth. 
B.  H. 

A  prostrate  perennial  with  dense, 
glossy  foliage.  Flowers  in  small 
spikes.  Good  for  covering  ground 
under  trees  or  shrubs;  also  attractive 
in  the  rockery.  A  .  E.  F. 

A  green-and-white  leaved  variety  of 
the  preceding. 

S.  A  low-branching  shrub,  produc- 
ing flowers  like  those  of  the  perennial 
Peonies.  Flowers  sometimes  double. 
A  great  many  varieties  are  culti- 
vated, and  they  can  be  had  with  pure 
white,  rose-colored,  and  striped  white 
and  pink  flowers.  Leaves  large,  dull 
green.  The  tree  peony  is  pretty  in 
small  groups  on  the  lawn,  or  in  the 

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tive  foliage. 
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color.  As  the  foliage  dies  soon  after 
the  flowering  period,  the  plants 
should  be  scattered  among  other  per- 
ennials. They  start  to  grow  very 
early  in  the  spring,  therefore  they 
transplant  best  in  August  and  Sep- 
tember. A.  G. 

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Flowers  very  large  and  blotched  with 
black. 

Exceedingly  large  flowers,  sometimes 
12  inches  across. 

Comparatively  low  growing  with  large 
flowers  of  a  peculiar  silvery-white 
character  6  to  8  inches  across. 

A  tuberous-rooted  plant  of  great  value. 
Foliage  coarse,  sword-shaped.  Flow- 
ers in  showy  clusters,  lily-like. 
Good  for  the  hardy  border  or  for 
lawn  vases.  Requires  plenty  of 
water  when  in  bloom.  Protect  in 
winter.  H.  I. 

T.  A  tree  not  unlike  the  Catalpa, 
but  with  larger  leaves,  which  some- 
times measure  more  than  a  foot 
across.  It  is  inclined  to  die  to  the 
ground  in  winter.  Each  year  it 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


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holds  the  color  fairly  well  throughout 
the  summer.  Good  for  contrast  with 
dark-leaved  shrubs.  A.  E.G. 


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star-shaped.  A  pretty  plant 
rock-garden.  A  .  G. 

A  pretty  creeping  plant  with  mi 
foliage,  which  is  completely  c 
with  flowers  during  early 
Good  for  carpeting  or  for  th 
garden,  but  spreads  rapidly  a 
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lished.  A.G. 

A  white  free-flowering  form 
preceding. 

An  interesting  plant  grown 
fruit,  which,  when  ripe,  is  glow: 
Good  scattered  among  other 
nials  or  among  rocks.  B.  H. 

5.  A  strong-growing  shrub  w: 
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S.  A  variety  of  the  preceding  with 
bright  yellow  foliage  and  showy  clus- 
ters of  flowers.  A  most  useful  coarse 
shrub.  A.D.G. 

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r.  Pyramidal  and  dense  in  growth. 
Foliage  silvery-green.  A  very  orna- 
mental hardy  tree.  Good  as  a  single 
specimen  for  the  lawn,  also  excellent 
for  windbreaks  or  hedges.  A.G.  D. 

T.  More  open  in  growth  than  the 
preceding.  The  tips  of  the  leaves  are 
of  a  beautiful  golden  yellow.  A.  E.G. 

r.  Branches  slender  and  spreading. 
Foliage  dark  green  above,  silvery 
beneath.  The  cones  are  very  con- 
spicuous while  young,  being  bright 
blue  in  color  and  erect  in  habit  of 
growth.  The  cones  become  drooping 
at  maturity.  A  good  tree  for  the 
lawn.  A.  E.G. 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


261 


T.  An  interesting  small  tree  with 
drooping  branches  closely  appressed 
to  the  stem.  Good  in  front  of  taller 
evergreens  and  as  a  single  specimen 
on  large  lawns.  A.  E.G. 

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r.  Deep  green  foliage  on  branches 
ascending  at  narrow  angles,  forming  a 
narrow  conical  tree.  Rather  open  in 
growth.  A.  D.G. 

r.  Branches  slender,  often  somewhat 
pendulous,  forming  a  narrow,  irregu- 
lar head.  Less  decorative  than  the 
other  Piceas.  Foliage  generally  blue- 
green.  A.  E.G. 

T.  An  ornamental  small  tree  with 
ascending  crowded  branches,  form- 
ing a  dense  conical  tree.  Foliage 
glaucous.  A.  E.G. 

T.  A  very  graceful  spruce  with  dark, 
glossy  foliage  and  ascending,  spread- 
ing branches.  Valuable  for  smaller 
gardens.  A.  E.G. 

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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


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7".  Dense  and  pyramidal  in  growth. 
Branches  rigid  and  stout.  Foliage 
at  right  angles  to  twig,  thick,  broad, 
dark  green  and  very  sharply  pointed. 
A  rare  and  very  distinct  spruce.  B. 
E.G. 

T.  Branches  horizontal,  stout  and  in 
remote  whorls,  forming  a  broad, 
symmetrical  tree.  Foliage  rigid, 
incurved,  blue-green  to  silvery-white. 
An  attractive,  ornamental  tree,  one 
particularly  good  for  large  lawns. 
A.  E.  G. 

7.  A  form  of  the  preceding  with  par- 
ticularly rich  blue  foliage.  A  .  E.  G. 

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ers in  racemes  and  very  showy.  A 
most  beautiful  low  evergreen.  B. 
E.G. 

S.  A  valuable  low  evergreen  plant. 
Flowers  delicate  and  in  panicles. 
Good  with  Rhododendrons.  C.  E.  G. 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


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T.  Irregular  and  horizontally  spread- 
ing branches.  Foliage  yellow-green, 
stiff  and  spreading.  A  useful  pine 
for  sea-shore  planting  or  on  dry 
knolls.  Excellent  for  picturesque 
effects.  A.  E.  G. 

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T.  A  beautiful  majestic  tree  in  sum- 
mer with  its  large  head  of  bright 
green  heart-shaped  foliage.  Attrac- 
tive also  in  winter  with  its  smooth 
creamy-white  bark  mottled  by  dark 
blotches  of  older  bark,  which  peels  off 
in  thin  plates.  Good  for  large  lawns 
or  street  planting.  Good  for  moist 
soils  and  for  sea-side  planting.  A. 
D.G. 

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Remarks 

Vigorous  and  shrubby  in  growth; 
effective  among  shrubs  or  in  the 
wild-garden.  Leaves  heart-shaped. 
Flowers  drooping,  in  large  clusters. 
A.G.  F. 

The  most  vigorous  growing  of 
the  Polygonums,  and  very  effective 
among  shrubs.  Leaves  sometimes 
more  than  a  foot  long,  soft  dull  green. 
Flowers  in  clusters.  A.  D.  F. 

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1  Deciduous 
2  Evergreen 
3  Vine 
4  Herbaceous 
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Excellent  plants  for  the  rockery. 
Trailing  in  habit.  Foliage  resembles 
that  of  the  strawberry.  Flowers  sin- 
gle or  semi-double,  in  colors  of  crim- 
son, orange,  yellow  and  white.  B. 
C.  H. 

Flowers  in  clusters,  sometimes  white 
or  purple.  Foliage  coarse,  dense. 
Good  for  the  border  or  rock-garden 
where  protection  can  be  given  in 
winter.  B.  C.  H. 

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earliest  of  the  Primroses  to 
Dm.  Flowers  in  loose  clusters, 
je  and  very  fragrant.  Good  under 
js,  particularly  on  sheltered  hill- 
js,  or  in  the  rock-garden.  B.  C. 
I. 

largest  and  showiest  of  the  Prim- 
es. Individual  flowers  sometimes 
inches  across,  in  loose  clusters, 
jd  under  trees,  and  particularly  so 
sheltered  hill-sides,  or  in  the  rock- 
den.  B.  C.  H.  I. 

le  flowers  about  1  inch  across,  on 
:,  hairy  stems.  Foliage  tufted  and 
tty.  Good  in  the  wild-garden  or 
uralized  under  trees.  All  prim- 
is  should  be  shaded  from  midday 
and  given  considerable  winter 
tection.  B.  C.  H. 

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\  A  form  of  the  common  Peach  with 
numerous  double  flowers.  Very  orna- 
mental while  in  bloom,  and  good 
if  planted  among  coarse  growing 
shrubs.  B.  C.  D.  G. 


variety  of  the  common  Peach  with 
blood-red  foliage  in  the  spring. 
Flowers  single,  deep  pink.  Effective 
among  coarse  shrubs.  B.  C.  D.  G. 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


green  or  with  a  bluish  tint.  A  native 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  attrac- 
tive among  other  tall  evergreens. 
.G. 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


277 


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r.  A  spreading  tree  with  leaves  6 
to  8  inches  long,  light  green  above 
and  whitish  beneath.  The  bark  on 
the  young  branches  is  corky  and 
ridged.  A.  E.G. 

T.  A  most  attractive  species;  upper 
branches  at  right  angles  to  the  trunk, 
lower  branches  somewhat  drooping, 
forming  a  symmetrical,  pyramidal 
head.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid 
with  lobes  at  right  angles  to  mid-rib, 
glossy  green  in  color.  They  turn  a 
beautiful  crimson  in  the  autumn. 
Excellent  for  avenue  planting.  A. 
D.  F. 

r.  Conical  in  growth,  with  slender 
branches.  Leaves  bright  ^green  and 
glossy.  They  are  about  4  inches  long 
and  quite  narrow,  resembling  closely 
those  of  the  Willow.  A.D.G. 

T.  Branches  spreading  and  irregular. 
Leaves  resemble  somewhat  those  of 
the  common  Chestnut.  They  are  5 
to  8  inches  long.  A  good  tree  for 
parks  or  large  lawns.  A.  E.G. 

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A.  E.G. 

S.  Generally  narrow  and  upright  in 
growth  with  leaves  sometimes  2  feet 
long;  leaf  -stalks  winged  between  the 
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S.  Branches  spreading.  Foliage  dull 
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slopes.  A.  D.G. 

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Remarks 

A  vigorous  growing,  trailing  variety 
with  single,  deep  pink,  showy  flowers. 
Good  for  the  rock-garden  or  for  cov- 
ering slopes.  A.  D.G. 

1 

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5.  A  dense  growing  shrub,  with 
showy,  single  flowers  about  If  inches 
across.  The  young  foliage  exhales  an 
agreeable  aromatic  odor.  The  fol- 
lowing named  are  hybrids  of  the 
Sweet  Briar:  Amy  Robsart,  deep  red; 
Flora  Mclvor,  rose-  white;  Lady 
Penzance,  copper-yellow;  Lord  Pen- 
zance, fawn,  with  yellow  centre; 
Lucy  Bertram,  deep  crimson;  Meg 
Merrilies,  crimson;  Anne  of  Gier- 
stein,  dark  crimson;  Brenda,  blush; 
Lucy  Ashton,  white  edged  pink; 
Bradwardine,  clear  rose. 

S.  A  beautiful  shrub  with  slender, 
recurving  branches;  flowers  If  inches 
across,  in  many  clusters.  Excellent 
on  banks,  near  water  or  in  the  shrub- 
bery border.  A.  D.G. 

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and  almos 
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rt  -i 


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Roses  are  d 
th,  and  bl 
une  until  f 
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They  are  excellent 
of  perennials  or 
Roses.  They  sho 
when  planted,  and 
3  to  4  inches  o 
spring. 


inch 
B.  C. 


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numerous  clust 


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—Madame  Chas.  Wood 

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—  Marchioness  of  Lome 

—  Marchioness  of  Lon- 
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ing  varieties  are  the  freest 
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r.  Somewhat  similar  to  S.  baby- 
lonica,  but  hardier;  branches  not 
quite  so  pendulous.  A.  D.  F. 

T.  A  spreading  tree  with  long,  pend- 
ent branches  and  yellow-green  bark. 
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Remarks 

T.  Generally  grafted  on  stems  about 
6  feet  high.  Branches  spreading 
and  drooping,  forming  an  umbrella- 
shaped  head.  Usually  a  short-lived 
tree.  A.  F. 

r.  Upright  and  spreading  in  growth, 
with  chestnut-colored  bark  and  large, 
shining,  dark  green  foliage.  Good 
for  screens  and  quick  effects.  A. 
D.G. 

7".  In  habit  like  the  Kilmarnock 
Willow,  but  with  more  slender, 
drooping  branches  and  narrow,  gray 
leaves.  A.  F. 

T.  A  small,  round-topped  tree  with 
upright  branches.  Leaves  narrow, 
about  3  inches  long,  green  above 
and  gray-white  beneath.  Generally 
grafted  on  stems  about  5  feet  high. 
Good  as  single  specimens  on  lawns. 
A.G. 

5.  Branches  spreading  and  pendu- 
lous. Foliage  narrow,  blue-gray. 
Good  for  massing  near  water.  A. 
D.  F. 

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tty 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


317 


An  attractive  trailing  variety  with 
numerous  flowers  in  good  sized  clus- 
ters. Excellent  for  the  rock-garden. 
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The  House-leeks  are  grown  more  for 
their  cactus-like  rosettes  of  foliage 
than  for  their  flowers.  They  can  be 
grown  in  the  smallest  crevices  of  rocks 
or  on  moss-covered  tree  trunks.  They 
can  also  be  used  to  advantage  in  edg- 
ing carpet  beds,  and  are  always 
attractive.  A.  G. 

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se  growing  shrub  with 
y  foliage,  and  clusters 
ers  along  the  stems. 
w,  about  the  size  of  a 
in  abundance.  Good 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


319 


wild- 
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.  Pyramidal  in  growth,  with  coarse, 
rough  leaves,  dark  green  above  and 
silvery  white  beneath.  Showy,  or- 
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habit,  with  red-brown 
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s  about  6  inches  long. 
sides  and  dry  places. 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


323 


Resembles  S.  Billardii,  but  taller 
growth.  Young  branches  red- 
wn,  and  flowers  in  dense,  broad 
icles  and  6  to  8  inches  long.  Good 
dry  places  and  hill-sides.  A.  D.G. 


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Branches  spreading 
Flowers  in  large  ,  flat  s 
A  very  attractive  and 
A.  D.G. 


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for  covering  banks 
It  is  spreading  in 
g,  slender  branches 
wards  the  ground. 
inter  it  is  covered 
currant-like  fruit. 


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' 

5.  A  very  free-flowering  variety, 
resembling  S.  persica,  but  more  rapid 
in  its  growth;  branches  slender  and 
slightly  arching.  Flowers  very  fra- 
grant. A.  D.G. 

S.  Branches  upright  and  stout. 
Leaves  broad,  dull  green.  Flowers 
in  narrow  panicles.  Valued  for  its 
late  blooming  season.  A.  G. 

6".  The  most  common  of  the  lilacs. 
It  is  useful  in  masses  of  shrubbery 
and  often  used  in  making  coarse 
hedges  or  screens.  To  keep  the  plant 
low  and  bushy  they  should  be  pruned 
severely  ^each  year,  but  pruning  must 
be  done  immediately  after  the  bloom- 
ing season.  A.  D.G. 

S.  A  white-flowering  form  of  the  pre- 
ceding. A.  D.G. 

A  great  many  varieties  of  hybrid 
Lilacs  are  offered  by  nursery-men, 
and  below  are  named  a  few  of  the 
best.  They  are  generally  more  dwarf 
in  growth  than  the  common  lilac,  and 
as  they  are  often  grafted  on  common 

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334 


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brown  in  winter.  B.  C.  E.  G. 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


339 


T.  A  handsome  round-headed  tree 
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cent leaves.  Showy  and  sweet- 
scented  flowers.  Foliage  smaller 
than  that  of  the  preceding.  Good 
for  avenues.  A.  E.G. 


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340 


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r.  Branches  upright,  forming  a 
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tomentose  beneath.  A  .  D.  G. 

5.  A  small  tree  or  shrub  much  used 
for  hedges.  It  is  somewhat  thorny 
and  bears  inedible  orange-like  fruits. 
It  is  a  gross  feeder  and  requires  rich 
soil.  B.  C. 

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green  in  clusters  of  three  on  erect 

stems.  Good  among  ferns,  in  the 
rockery  or  naturalized  in  masses 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


343 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


347 


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348 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


One  of  the 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


• 

A  good  shrub  for  massing  in  coarse 
borders.  A.  D.G. 

S.  Upright  and  bushy  in  growth, 
with  hairy  branches  and  dull  green 
foliage.  Flower-clusters  small  and 
flat;  fruits  showy,  scarlet.  A.  E.G. 

S.  A  pretty  shrub  with  large,  rough 
foliage,  light  green  above  and  silvery 
beneath.  Stout  ,  upright  branches  and 
large  heads  of  flowers  followed  by 
showy  clusters  of  bright  red  fruit.  A  . 
D.G. 

S.  An  upright  shrub  with  slender 
branches  and  deep  ^  green  leaves 
which  resemble  V.  cassinoides.  Fruit 
blue-black  and  very  ornamental.  A. 
D.G. 

S.  Resembles  V.  dentatum,  but  with 
larger  and  darker  green  foliage.  A. 
D.G. 

S.  In  growth  similar  to  the  last. 
Flowers  in  flat  clusters  about  5  inches 
across.  Fruit  pink  changing  to  dark 
blue.  A  handsome  shrub.  A  .  D.G. 

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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


351 


f 
s. 
n 
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p 
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nd  spreading  in  grow 
,  light  gray  branches  a 
leaves.  Flat  heads 
t  3  or  4  inches  _  acro 
of  decorative  fruit  begi 
the  end  of  July  an 
the  branches  and  kee 
t  scarlet  color  until  th 
ng  spring.  A.  D.G. 


,S'~  o 


.  right 
wit  moot, 
brod,  rough 
flors  abou 
The  clusters 
to  color  by 
remain  on 
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A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


shrub  with 
d  large,  dark 
lower-clusters 
s  across.  One 
existence.  It 
of  the  old-fash- 
l, because  of  the 
from  attacks  of 
fall  coloring  of 
fine.  B.  C.  G. 


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n 
F 


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Myrtl 


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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


353 


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354 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


eep 
or 
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rse 


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ood 
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ive 


ped  flow 
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TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


355 


ubtedly  the  best  of  the  Wista- 
It flowers  while  very  young, 
rying  in  this  respect  from  the  com- 
n Chinese  variety,  and  produces 
undant  loose  clusters  of  flowers 
metimes  2  feet  long.  A  .  D.  G. 


Undo 


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356 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


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WHEN  AND  HOW  TO  PLANT. 

The  matter  of  when  to  plant  is  often  a  puzzling 
When  to  question  to  the  amateur;  and  to  give  one  answer 
Plant  which  will  apply  to  all  species  and  localities  is 

obviously  impossible.  Spring  is  commonly  con- 
sidered the  best  season,  for  the  reason  that  plants  set  out  at  that 
time  have  abundant  opportunity  to  become  well  established  in 
the  ground  before  the  following  winter.  The  planting-season 
may  extend  from  the  earliest  time  at  which  the  ground  is  free  from 
frost  until,  perhaps,  the  first  of  June.  The  later  period,  however, 
requires  the  use  of  plants  that  have  been  kept  dormant,  as  it  is 
ordinarily  unsafe  to  move  them  after  they  have  leaved  out  to 
any  extent.  Their  becoming  established  is  a  matter  of  renewing 
root-growth  that  has  been  disturbed  by  transplanting,  and  this 
fact  has  led  the  author  to  the  belief  that  early  fall  planting 
may  be  employed  equally  advantageously.  It  has  been  his 
experience  that  root-growth  continues  after  the  leaves  have 
performed  their  functions  and  have  commenced  to  drop  off. 
Transplanted  at  this  semi-dormant  period,  the  plant  becomes 
sufficiently  well  established  to  endure  the  ensuing  winter,  and  is 
in  a  position  to  take  advantage  of  the  earliest  spring  warmth,  and 
to  make  vigorous  growth  the  following  summer.  This  fall  plant- 
ing-season lasts  (in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  and  Boston)  from 
about  the  first  week  of  September  until  the  ground  is  frozen. 

When  transplanted  in  the  fall,  trees  and  plants 
Whiter  of  a  more  tender  nature  should  be  protected  against 

Protection      drying  winds  and   severe  cold.     This   protection 

should  usually  not  be  applied  until  after  the  ground 
is  frozen  to  a  depth  of  two  or  three  inches.  Individual  trees  and 
shrubs  may  be  wrapped  with  straw,  burlap,  or  evergreen  boughs; 
and  it  is  well  to  first  strengthen  the  plant  with  a  strong  pole 
inserted  firmly  in  the  ground.  Groups  of  Rhododendrons  or 
deciduous  shrubs  of  questionable  hardiness  may  be  protected 


358  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

by  inserting  evergreen  boughs  thickly  among  them  ;  these  should 
be  somewhat  taller  than  the  plants  themselves.  Herbaceous 
perennials  may  be  given  a  light  mulch  with  hay,  straw,  leaves 
or  coarse,  strawy  manure ;  but  they  must  not  be  covered  until 
after  the  ground  is  frozen  at  least  two  inches  deep,  and  the 
mulch  must  not  be  so  thick  and  heavy  as  to  hold  excessive 
moisture  and  rot  the  plants. 

After  the  ground  has  been  prepared  by  digging 
How  to  to  a  depth  of  eight  to  twelve  inches,  working  in 
Plant  plenty  of  well-rotted  stable  manure,  and  grading 

carefully,  individual  holes  should  be  dug  for  the 
trees,  shrubs  or  plants.  These  must  be  large  enough  to  allow 
the  roots  to  be  spread  naturally,  and  deep  enough  to  set  the 
plant  somewhat  deeper  than  before  transplanting.  Perennials 
should  be  about  an  inch,  shrubs  two  or  three  inches,  and  trees 
three  or  four  inches  deeper.  Good  loam,  free  from  lumps  and 
coarse  manure,  should  be  worked  in  among  the  roots,  and  care- 
fully compacted.  Individual  trees,  particularly  such  as  are 
planted  on  lawns  and  avenues,  may  be  benefited  by  leaving 
around  them  a  circle  of  two  or  three  feet,  kept  open  by  cultiva- 
tion, until  they  become  well  established.  Care  must  be  taken, 
however,  that  no  basin  be  left  to  gather  water  and  allow  ice  to 
form  about  the  trunk  in  winter. 

It  is  difficult  to  state  a  definite  rule  for  the  spac- 
Distances  ing  of  plants,  as  the  distance  varies  according  to  the 
Apart  species  and  the  effect  desired.  In  general,  it  may 

be  said  that  where  a  dense  growth  is  desired,  as  in 
borders  and  screens,  shrubs  which  attain  a  height  of  from  six  to  eight 
feet  should  be  set  from  three  to  three  and  a  half  feet  apart;  those 
growing  from  two  to  four  feet  high  should  be  set  from  two  and  a 
half  to  three  feet  apart.  Herbaceous  perennials  should  be  spaced 
about  as  follows.  Plants  attaining  a  height  of  four  to  eight  inches, 
and  not  trailing,  eight  inches  apart;  those  growing  twelve  to 
eighteen  inches  high,  one  foot  apart;  coarse  plants,  growing  two 
feet  high  and  over,  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet  apart.  These  dis- 
tances, however,  are  dependent  upon  the  bushiness  or  spread  of 
the  plants;  hollyhocks,  for  instance,  which  grow  more  than  five 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  359 

feet  tall,  should  be  planted  as  near  together  as  one  foot,  to  obtain 
a  good  effect. 

Deciduous  trees  and  shrubs  should  be  given  a 
Priming  severe  cutting-back  or  pruning  when  transplanted. 
More  or  less  roots  are  always  bruised  and  broken 
during  transplanting,  and  all  such  should  be  trimmed  off  with 
pruning-shears  or  a  sharp  knife,  as  the  bark  cannot  heal  over  a 
rough  wound.  In  order  to  insure  a  strong  and  healthy  growth,  as 
well  as  to  cause  the  plant  to  become  bushy  or  attain  any  desired 
shape,  it  is  well  to  cut  off  from  each  branch  one-third  to  one-half 
of  the  previous  summer's  growth.  Fruit-trees  respond  especially 
to  free  pruning  at  the  time  of  transplanting. 

The  matter  of  when  and  how  to  prune  established  shrubs  and 
trees  depends  upon  their  habits  and  the  purpose  for  which  the 
operation  is  performed.  Shrubs  that  bloom  early  in  the  spring 
form  their  flower-buds  during  the  preceding  summer,  and  they 
should  therefore  not  be  pruned  until  immediately  after  flowering, 
if  their  flowering  is  to  be  preserved.  Late-blooming  shrubs  flower 
on  wood  of  the  same  season's  growth,  and  should  be  pruned 
while  dormant,  in  late  winter  or  very  early  spring.  One-third 
the  previous  season's  growth  may  be  removed.  Shrubs  planted 
in  masses  should  be  pruned  regularly  to  induce  a  dense  growth, 
and  to  prevent  individual  plants  from  becoming  too  tall,  with 
unsightly,  open  branches. 

The  shearing  or  trimming  of  hedges  in  cold 
Shearing  climates,  should  never  be  done  later  than  July  first, 
as  late  cutting  allows  a  tender  new  growth,  which 
does  not  have  time  to  ripen  properly  and  consequently  is  liable 
to  winter-kill.  The  shearing  of  individual  shrubs  to  form  flat- 
topped,  globe,  pyramidal,  or  other  unnatural-shaped  specimens 
should,  as  a  general  rule,  be  avoided. 

Fruit-trees  require  pruning  to  check  too  vigorous  growth,  and, 
as  is  the  case  with  ornamental  trees,  to  keep  them  symmetrical. 
The  removal  of  a  portion  of  the  new  growth  concentrates  the 
nourishment  supplied  by  the  roots  in  the  remaining  branches, 
and,  if  the  tree  is  of  bearing  age,  influences  the  production  of 
larger,  better  fruit.  Too  severe  pruning,  however,  induces  the 
growth  of  new  wood,  at  the  expense  of  fruit.  All  cuts  must  be 


360  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

made  cleanly  with  a  sharp  knife  or  priming-shears,  leaving  no 
projecting  stubs  of  branches.  If  a  large  branch  is  removed,  it  is 
well  to  cover  the  exposed  wood  with  a  lead  paint  of  good  quality, 
to  prevent  the  entrance  of  decay.  If  the  wood  is  kept  sound  and 
healthy,  the  bark  will  gradually  grow  over  the  wound,  finally 
closing  it  completely. 


OUTDOOR  CULTURE  OF  ROSES. 

While  roses  can  be  grown  in  almost  any  kind  of 
Soil  soil  they  prefer  that  it  be  deep,  rich  and  well 

drained.  If  it  contains  considerable  clay,  the  growth 
will  be  more  luxuriant  and  the  blooms  richer  in  color.  As  they 
are  gross  feeders,  the  soil  should  be  well  enriched  with  thoroughly 
decomposed  stable  manure.  If  this  is  done  the  fall  before  the 
roses  are  to  be  planted  and  thoroughly  spaded  into  the  soil,  the 
results  will  be  better.  The  subsoil  should  be  loose  and  of  such  a 
character  that  water  will  pass  through  it  quickly.  If  it  is  not 
naturally  so,  the  subsoil  should  be  removed  to  a  depth  of  two  or 
three  feet  and  the  bed  refilled  with  coarse  porous  material  at  the 
bottom  and  rich  soil  placed  above. 

Roses  like  protection  from  strong  winds  in  sum- 
Location  mer,  also  from  the  damaging  winds  of  March  and 
early  April  when  the  sap  is  just  becoming  active  in 
the  top  and  before  root  action  has  begun.  They  require  a  fair 
amount  of  sunlight  and  a  southern  exposure.  They  should  not 
be  planted  too  near  buildings  or  tall  trees,  for  in  these  places 
they  are  more  susceptible  to  attacks  from  mildew.  They  should 
be  protected  from  alternate  freezing  and  thawing  during  late 
winter,  for  this  is  especially  likely  to  cause  winter-killing.  The 
location  for  the  rose  garden  should  be  such  that  when  once  frozen 
it  may  remain  in  that  condition  when  properly  mulched. 

Field-grown  plants  should  be  transplanted  in  early 

Season  of      spring,  or  in  the  fall  as  soon  as  they  become  suffi- 

the  Year  for  ciently  dormant  to  be  moved  without   danger  of 

Planting        shriveling  or  withering.    Spring  is  usually  considered 

the  best   season,  as  the  plants  start  into  growth 

at  once,  and  become  well  established  before  the  following  winter. 

Pot-grown  roses  can  often  be  secured  and  planted  during  the 

summer,  and  are  useful  for  filling  in  vacant  spaces  in  beds. 

Distances  apart  for  planting  roses  are  regulated 
Distances  somewhat  by  the  varieties  used.  Such  varieties 
for  as  Moss  Roses,  Persian  Yellow  Roses  and  other 

Planting  strong  growing  kinds  may  be  set  three  feet  apart, 


362  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

Hybrid  Perpetuate  about  two  feet  apart,  and  Teas  and 
Hybrid  Teas  from  one  and  one-half  to  two  feet  apart.  In 
planting  several  varieties  in  one  bed,  the  stronger  growing  kinds 
should  be  placed  in  the  centre,  or  if  in  borders,  they  should  be  set 
back  of  the  weaker  growing  kinds. 

Budded  or  grafted  plants  should  be  set  so  deeply 
Planting  that  the  junction  of  the  bud  or  graft  is  at  least  three 
inches  below  the  surface  of  the  soil.  In  fact,  deep 
planting  is  one  of  the  most  essential  things  in  successful  rose  cul- 
ture. After  placing  the  plant  in  position,  the  earth  should  be 
firmly  pressed  in  around  it.  The  roots  should  be  placed  in  a 
natural  position,  and  loam  free  from  hard  lumps  carefully  worked 
in  between  them.  Care  should  be  taken  that  plants,  while  out 
of  the  ground,  are  kept  from  the  wind  and  sun,  and  that  the  roots 
are  never  allowed  to  become  dry.  Pot-grown  plants  should  be 
carefully  removed  from  the  pots  and  set  in  the  ground  without 
disturbing  the  roots  or  breaking  the  ball  of  earth,  and  after 
planting,  some  shade  should  be  given  for  a  few  days,  and  a 
liberal  amount  of  water  applied. 

If  dormant  plants  are  set  out  in  the  spring,  they 
Priming  should  be  pruned  immediately  after  planting.  After 
being  set  to  the  proper  depth  and  the  ground  lev- 
eled, they  should  be  cut  down  to  within  three  or  four  inches  of 
the  ground.  If  planted  in  the  fall,  the  pruning  should  be  df  f erred 
until  early  in  the  following  spring,  so  that  such  wood  as  winter- 
kills may  be  removed. 

To  obtain  the  best  flowers,  and  in  order  to  keep  the  plants 
thrifty  and  attractive,  it  is  necessary  that  ever-blooming  varieties 
should  be  cut  back  to  within  a  few  inches  of  the  ground  each 
spring.  In  pruning  the  Hybrid  Perpetuals  all  weak  wood  should 
be  removed  and  the  strong  canes  cut  back  to  within  three  or  four 
buds  above  the  ground.  Moss  Roses,  and  such  other  varieties 
which  bloom  only  in  the  spring,  should  be  pruned  immediately 
after  flowering. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  363 

During  the  summer  an  occasional  watering  with 
Summer  liquid  manure  will  be  beneficial.  Arrangements 
Treatment  should  be  made  if  possible  for  a  constant  water  sup- 
ply in  the  rose  garden,  for  the  foliage  is  kept  in  a 
good,  healthy  condition  and  insects  are  kept  in  check  by  syring- 
ing with  considerable  force  early  in  the  morning  on  bright  days. 
Water  should  not,  however,  be  applied  during  the  middle  of  the 
day. 

In  late  fall,  when  the  plants  are  well  ripened, 
Winter  some  protection  should  be  given,  and  while  loam 

Protection  heaped  up  around  the  plants  furnishes  the  best  pro- 
tection, leaves,  hay  or  straw  to  the  depth  of  from 
eight  inches  to  one  foot  may  be  used  for  covering.  It  is  best  to 
apply  mulches  for  winter  protection  after  the  ground  has  frozen 
somewhat. 

Many  insects  attack  the  rose  plants.     Among 
Insects  these  the  green  fly,  or  aphis,  the  rose  chafer,  or  rose- 

bug,  and  the  red  spider  are  the  most  troublesome. 
The  rose-bug  is  the  hardest  of  the  enemies  to  combat,  and  it  has 
been  the  experience  of  the  writer  that  paris  green  dusted  over 
the  plants  is  most  effective. 

The  red  spider  is  a  very  small  insect,  which  is  scarcely  distin- 
guishable to  the  eye.  It  is  generally  found  on  the  under  sides  of 
the  leaves,  which  soon  assume  a  sickly  yellow  tinge.  It  is  most 
destructive  to  plants  trained  against  buildings  or  in  positions 
where  they  are  particularly  exposed  to  the  hot  sun.  The  most 
effective  remedy  is  syringing  with  cold  water,  thrown  in  an 
upward  manner,  to  reach  the  undersides  of  the  leaves,  and  applied 
with  sufficient  force  to  remove  the  insects  from  the  leaves. 

The  aphis,  or  green  fly,  can  be  exterminated  by  dusting  the 
plants  with  tobacco  dust  while  they  are  wet  with  dew,  or 
by  spraying  with  water  in  which  tobacco  stems  or  leaves  have 
been  soaked. 

Mildew   often    causes   considerable    injury.      It 

Fungous         is  generally  caused  by  sudden  atmospheric  changes, 

Diseases        or  by  continued  cloudy  or  damp  weather.     As  a 

remedy,  dry  sulphur  may  be  shaken  over  the  plant 

early  in  the  morning,  while  the  leaves  are  wet  with  dew. 


LAWNS  AND  HOW  TO  MAKE  THEM. 

The  term  "  lawn,"  as  generally  understood,  is  applied  to  a 
grass-covered  plot  of  ground,  usually  in  the  neighborhood  of  a 
dwelling  or  other  building,  kept  smooth  and  clean  by  continuous 
care  and  close  mowing.  In  more  than  one  sense  the  lawn  is  an 
essential  part  of  any  well-kept  estate;  but  its  chief  service  is, 
together  with  its  attendant  trees  and  shrubs,  as  a  setting  for  the 
more  individual  features  it  may  surround. 

The  first  matter  to  be  considered  in  preparing  a  lawn  is  the 
grading.  The  contour  should  be  such  that  no  hollows  allow  the 
retention  of  water  during  spring  "  thaws;  "  yet  no  opportunity 
for  erosion,  due  to  excessive  slope  or  concentrated  drainage, 
should  be  allowed.  It  may  be  here  suggested  that  a  slightly  con- 
caved surface  adds  to  the  apparent  extent  of  a  plot — a  point 
that  frequently  is  taken  advantage  of  in  grading  between  a 
house  and  the  street  upon  which  it  fronts  when  the  actual  dis- 
tance is  short.  The  matter  of  drainage  must,  however,  receive 
careful  consideration  when  this  method  is  attempted. 

Very  rarely  is  under-draining  necessary,  except  in  unusually 
heavy  or  clayey  soil;  when  employed,  lines  of  three-inch  tiles 
should  be  laid  fifteen  feet  apart,  and  from  two  and  one-half  to 
three  feet  below  the  surface. 

In  uneven  ground,  when  the  leveling  or  lowering  of  the  sur- 
face is  necessary,  the  top-soil,  if  it  is  loam  of  any  value,  should 
be  laid  aside,  and  the  subsoil  removed  to  the  required  depth, 
after  which  the  loam  may  be  replaced  and  graded  evenly.  For  a 
vigorous  and  permanent  greensward,  from  eight  to  ten  inches 
of  loam  are  required.  The  latter  should  be  enriched  with  an  abun- 
dance of  well-rotted  stable  manure  applied  at  the  rate  of  eight 
cords  to  the  acre,  which  when  spread  evenly  gives  a  depth  of  two 
or  three  inches.  This  should  be  thoroughly  worked  into  the  soil 
by  plowing  or  spading,  to  a  depth  of  eight  inches  or  more ;  stones 
and  coarse  sods  and  weeds  must  be  removed  by  harrowing  or 


366  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

raking.  It  is  a  frequent  objection  that  barn  manure  carries 
quantities  of  weed-seeds,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  weeds  spring- 
ing from  this  source  are  usually  of  small  consequence,  the  greater 
number  having  been  already  in  the  soil. 

The  best  season  for  sowing  grass-seed  is  doubtless  in  early 
spring,  but  good  results  are  obtained  when  the  sowing  is  made 
in  the  fall,  early  enough  so  that  the  grass  will  make  substantial 
growth  before  frost.  It  is  well  to  edge  walks,  drives,  bedding- 
spaces,  and  other  portions  exposed  to  injury  with  sods  of  firm 
texture,  and  of  a  quality  that  will  blend  later  with  the  seeded 
growth.  Excellent  mixtures  of  lawn-grass  seeds  are  supplied 
by  reliable  seed-dealers,  and  their  advice  can  generally  be  relied 
upon  in  the  selection  of  a  mixture  suitable  for  use  in  any  par- 
ticular location.  As  the  proportion  of  non-germinating  seeds  is 
often  considerable,  even  in  the  best  mixtures,  the  quantity  sown 
should  be  liberal,  the  usual  amount  being  four  bushels  per  acre, 
or  one-quarter  pound  per  hundred  square  feet. 

The  seed  should  be  scattered  evenly,  and  in  sowing  it  is  advis- 
able to  go  over  the  ground  twice,  lengthwise,  then  crosswise. 
The  work  should  never  be  attempted  on  a  windy  day;  early  in 
the  morning  is  considered  the  best  time  of  day.  The  soil  should 
be  moist,  yet  not  wet  enough  to  prevent  the  easy  raking-in  of  the 
seed,  and  a  smooth  rolling  immediately  after  sowing.  The  rolling 
should  be  done  thoroughly  by  two  or  more  applications  of  a 
moderately  heavy  iron  roller.  In  a  dry  season,  daily  watering  is 
beneficial.  This  should  be  done  carefully  and  lightly,  so  as  not 
to  wash  the  seeds  from  the  ground.  After  the  first  mowing,  the 
rolling  should  be  repeated  once  or  twice ;  and  frequent  mowing 
will  do  much  toward  inducing  a  thick,  velvety  growth.  Should 
the  new  grass  be  killed  in  spots  during  the  first  winter,  the  bare 
spaces  should  be  resown  liberally ;  depressions  caused  by  the  set- 
tling of  newly-graded  soil  may  be  filled  with  finely-screened 
loam  in  which  seeds  have  been  thickly  mixed.  Another  rolling 
should  follow. 

The  care  of  lawns  involves  three  things:  the  eradication  of 
weeds,  feeding,  and  mowing.  For  the  first,  various  chemical  weed- 
killers are  found  in  the  market;  but  their  use  is  no  more  certain 
and  consumes  scarcely  less  time  and  labor  than  the  old-fashioned 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  367 

method  of  uprooting  the  undesirable  plants  with  an  old  knife  or 
some  suitable  garden  tool.  One  of  the  best  ways  of  keeping  down 
the  weeds  is  to  encourage  the  grass  by  generous  treatment,  as  it 
is  where  the  grass  is  thin  and  the  soil  is  poor  that  the  weeds  grow 
most  vigorously. 

Yearly  dressing  with  fertilizer  of  some  kind  is  necessary  to 
the  best  condition  of  any  lawn.  As  a  rule,  commercial  fertilizers 
do  not  give  the  permanent  effect  secured  through  using  well- 
rotted  manure.  Pulverized  sheep-manure,  wood-ashes,  bone- 
dust,  or  fine  rich  soil,  or  humus,  may  be  used  to  advantage.  The 
application  should  be  made  in  early  spring,  so  that  spring  rains  will 
carry  the  plant-food  well  into  the  soil.  As  has  already  been  said, 
watering,  for  the  old  lawn  as  well  as  for  the  new,  should  be  done 
by  some  means  that  affords  a  fine  spray  of  long  duration,  rather 
than  by  a  deluge  from  a  coarse  nozzle. 

Frequent  mowing  is  essent'al  to  the  well-being  of  any  lawn. 
By  it  the  growth  of  coarse  seed-stalks  is  prevented,  and  the  grass 
is  kept  smooth  and  of  good  texture.  A  carrier  for  catching  the 
grass  as  it  is  cut  by  the  mower  is  a  great  convenience,  and,  espe- 
cially in  the  case  of  a  new  lawn,  avoids  the  danger  of  uprooting 
the  grass  by  raking  too  vigorously.  The  rolling  action  of^the 
lawn  mower  is  also  beneficial. 


THE  INSECT  PESTS  OF  SHADE  TREES 
AND  SHRUBS. 

By  H.  T.  FERNALD,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

The  insects  which  attack  our  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs  are 
of  many  kinds  and  work  in  a  variety  of  ways.  Almost  every 
kind  of  plant  has  its  especial  foes,  while  numerous  general  feeders 
may  be  found  on  many  different  plants.  Some  feed  on  the  roots, 
others  bore  in  the  trunk  or  branches,  many  more  consume  the 
leaves,  and  others  suck  the  sap  from  the  branches  or  leaves. 

Such  a  diversity  of  methods  of  attack  renders  necessary  corre- 
sponding methods  for  checking  the  ravages  of  these  pests,  and  a 
knowledge  of  how  the  insect  causes  the  injury  is  in  each  case 
necessary  before  successful  treatment  can  be  undertaken.  So 
many  different  insects  are  concerned,  however,  that  anything 
like  a  careful  consideration  of  them  must  be  left  to  special  works 
on  the  subject,  and  only  general  considerations  and  a  more 
complete  discussion  of  a  few  of  the  most  serious  pests  can  be 
included  here. 

In  general,  insects  feed  either  by  biting  off  and  swallowing 
pieces  of  the  plant,  or  by  sucking  its  juices.  Biting  insects  are 
provided  with  jaws  for  this  purpose,  while  in  sucking  insects  the 
mouth-parts  are  combined  to  form  a  sucking  tube,  together  with 
structures  which  enable  these  insects  to  make  holes  through  the 
surface  of  the  plant  to  where  the  sap  is,  and  then  to  suck  this 
into  their  bodies. 

With  biting  insects,  a  poison  spread  over  the  surface,  which  the 
insect  will  swallow  as  it  feeds,  will  pass  to  the  stomach  of  the 
pest  and  cause  it  to  die,  and  such  poisons  are  generally  called 
stomach  poisons,  for  that  reason.  The  more  usual  stomach 
poisons  used  are  paris  green  and  arsenate  of  lead.  For  sucking 
insects,  stomach  poisons  spread,  as  they  must  be,  on  the  surface 
of  the  plant  are  of  no  value,  the  sucking  tube  of  the  insect  being 
passed  through  this  layer  into  the  hole  it  makes  in  the  plant, 
while  the  plant  juices  are  extracted  from  beneath  the  surface. 
For  such  insects  as  these,  then,  other  methods  of  control  must  be 


370  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

used,  and  oils,  soaps  and  similar  materials,  called  contact  poisons, 
are  the  more  usual  substances  for  this  purpose.  Contact  poisons 
appear  to  destroy  insects  by  covering  them,  or  at  least  the 
openings  of  their  breathing  organs,  with  a  film,  thus  suffocating 
them,  and  it  is  at  once  evident  that  unless  a  sucking  insect  be 
actually  touched  by  some  of  the  contact  poison,  the  treatment 
will  fail.  With  biting  insects  the  poison  may  be  spread  over  the 
tree  to  wait  until  the  insect  in  its  feeding  reaches  and  swallows 
it ;  with  sucking  insects  only  those  touched  by  the  poison  at  the 
time  it  is  applied  will  be  destroyed;  and  if  we  remember  that 
many  of  the  sucking  insects  are  exceedingly  small,  the  necessity 
for  the  most  thorough  application  possible  of  the  poison  becomes 
evident. 


GENERAL  FEEDERS. 
THE  LEOPARD  MOTH. 

This  insect  is  a  native  of  Europe.  It  reached  this  country  at  Ho- 
boken,  N.  J.,  about  1881,  and  since  that  time  it  has  spread  east- 
ward, mainly  along  the  coast,  and  is  now  found  quite  abundantly 
as  far  east  as  eastern  Massachusetts.  It  attacks  many  kinds  of 
shade  trees  and  shrubs,  and  appears  to  be  most  injurious  in  and 
near  the  larger  cities  and  towns. 

The  adult  insect  is  a  good  sized  moth  with  white  wings  bearing 
numerous  blue-black  spots.  It  appears  during  the  latter  part  of 
May,  from  which  time  specimens  may  be  found  till  late  in  Septem- 
ber. The  eggs  are  laid  in  sheltered  places  such  as  crevices  of  the 
bark,  usually  on  the  small  branches,  and  on  hatching,  the  young 
borers  work  through  the  bark  to  the  wood.  Here  they  feed,  work- 
ing downward.  When  the  branch  becomes  too  small  for  the  rap- 
idly growing  borer,  it  leaves  it  and  enters  another.  Sometimes  the 
boring  is  along  the  centre  of  the  branch;  sometimes  it  takes  the 
form  of  a  large  cavity,  and  sometimes  it  passes  around  the  branch 
and  girdles  it.  By  winter  the  borer  is  usually  about  half  grown, 
and  has  entered  one  of  the  larger  branches,  leaving  weakened 
smaller  ones  behind. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  371 

The  following  spring,  feeding  is  resumed  in  the  larger  branches, 
and  by  the  end  of  this  season  the  borers  are  full  grown.  Early  the 
next  spring,  they  work  out  to  the  surface  and  change  to  quiet 
pupae,  from  which  the  adult  moths  emerge  during  the  summer. 

Spraying  for  these  insects  is  useless,  as  the  moths  do  not  feed 
and  the  borers  work  inside  the  branches  almost  entirely.  Infested 
limbs  are  quite  easily  recognized  by  the  woody,  partly  digested 
material  thrown  out  of  the  openings  of  the  tunnels,  and  these 
limbs  can  be  cut  off  and  burned,  or  if  not  too  badly  injured  a 
little  carbon  disulphide  (obtained  from  druggists)  can  be  injected 
into  the  openings  of  the  tunnels,  which  should  then  be  immediately 
closed  with  putty  or  soap,  so  that  the  gas  produced  may  not  es- 
cape, but  follow  along  the  tunnel  and  kill  the  borer.  Badly  in- 
fested trees  are  usually  too  difficult  to  treat  and  should  be  de- 
stroyed. Careful  watching  during  the  summer,  to  discover  parts 
attacked  before  it  is  too  late,  followed  by  the  removal  or  treat- 
ment of  the  infested  branches,  as  described,  is  the  best  treatment 
at  present  known. 

THE  SAN  JOSE  SCALE. 

The  San  Jose*  Scale  is  probably  a  native  of  China,  but  is  now 
present  nearly  everywhere  in  the  United  States.  It  feeds  upon  a 
large  number  of  trees  and  shrubs,  seriously  checking  their  growth, 
and  in  many  cases  destroying  them  entirely.  Besides  fruit  trees 
and  currants,  on  which  it  is  a  most  serious  pest,  it  is  often  very 
abundant  and  injurious  to  the  following  shade  trees  and  shrubs: 
Amelanchier,  Cornus,  Crataegus,  Cydonia  japonica,  Populus, 
Prunus,  Ptelea,  Pyrus,  Ribes,  Rosa,  Salix,  Sorbus,  Syringa,  Tilia, 
Toxylon  and  Ulmus,  of  different  species  (see  tabulated  list  of 
plants,  page  142).  It  is  also  often  found  on  other  trees  and 
shrubs,  but  the  above  are  those  most  liable  to  be  much  injured. 

The  adult  insect  is  smaller  than  a  pin-head  and  covered  by  a 
hard  shell  or  scale,  circular  in  outline,  and  brown  or  grayish  in 
color.  It  is  usually  most  abundant  on  the  smaller  branches  and 
twigs,  but  when  very  abundant  may  also  be  present  on  the  leaves. 
When  winter  sets  in  all  ages  may  be  present,  but  the  very  young 
and  the  adult  scales  die  during  the  winter,  leaving  only  those  from 


372  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

one-third  to  two-thirds  grown  to  reach  the  adult  condition  in  the 
spring.  This  is  accomplished  by  the  latter  part  of  May  or  early 
June,  and  then  the  young  appear,  one  or  two  every  few  days  for  a 
month  or  more.  These  young,  which  are  born  alive,  are  very  tiny, 
lemon-yellow  insects  which  escape  from  beneath  the  scale  of  the 
parent  and  crawl  about  for  a  day  or  two.  Each  has  a  long  beak 
through  which  to  suck  the  sap  frc/m  the  plant,  and  on  finding  sat- 
isfactory places  the  young  settle  down,  force  their  beaks  through 
the  bark  and  begin  to  feed.  White  waxy  threads  now  grow  out  of 
their  backs  and  mat  together,  forming  very  small  white  specks  as 
the  first  coverings  of  the  insects.  To  these  are  added  molted  skins 
from  the  insects  beneath,  turning  the  scales  brown  or  gray,  and 
enlarging  them,  and  thus  the  scale  covering  the  adult  insect  is 
gradually  formed. 

The  young  become  adult  in  about  a  month,  and  then  they  them- 
selves produce  young  and  there  are  three  or  four  generations, 
according  to  the  length  of  the  season,  before  winter  ends  this  pro- 
cess. During  the  summer  enormous  numbers  of  the  insects 
are  produced  in  this  way.  If  all  the  young  born  survived,  and 
themselves  produced  the  normal  number  of  young  in  each  genera- 
tion, it  would  be  possible  for  the  descendants  of  one  female  to 
number  over  three  billions  in  a  single  season.  Fortunately,  death 
reduces  this  number  greatly,  but  enough  remain  of  ten  to  seriously 
injure  or  even  kill  the  plant  they  are  on,  by  removing  the  greater 
part  of  the  sap  from  it,  and  thus  drying  it  up. 

This  pest  is  very  difficult  to  control,  first,  because  being  a  suck- 
ing insect  it  must  be  actually  hit  by  a  contact  poison  sprayed  onto 
it;  second,  because  of  its  small  size,  which  renders  it  very  difficult 
to  reach  all  of  the  individuals  by  spraying,  and  finally,  because  of 
the  shell  or  scale  which  covers  it,  protecting  it  from  the  spray. 
For  this  reason  very  strong  materials  must  be  used,  in  order 
either  to  penetrate  or  work  under  the  scale,  and  these  are  hardly  safe 
to  apply  while  the  plant  is  growing.  Spraying  for  this  pest  must 
accordingly  be  done  during  the  period  after  the  leaves  drop  in  the 
fall  and  before  the  buds  open  in  the  spring.  The  lime-sulphur 
wash  and  miscible  (often  wrongly  called  "  soluble  ")  oils  are  the 
most  usual  sprays  to  use  for  the  purpose.  These  materials  are  on 
the  market  under  various  trade  names,  and  only  need  dilution 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  373 

with  water  before  applying.  The  spraying  must  be  very  thor- 
oughly done,  however,  if  satisfactory  results  are  desired,  and  it 
seems  desirable,  if  possible,  to  use  an  oil  one  winter  and  the  lime- 
sulphur  wash  the  next,  thus  alternating  the  two  materials. 


THE  GYPSY  MOTH. 

This  notorious  pest  was  accidentally  introduced  from  Europe  to 
a  point  near  Boston  about  1869,  and  has  now  spread  all  over  east- 
ern and  central  Massachusetts,  into  central  and  southern  New 
Hampshire,  southern  Maine,  and  portions  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut.  It  is  likely  to  appear  anywhere  in  the  New  England 
and  Middle  Atlantic  states  locally  at  any  time,  as  the  result  of 
being  carried  on  freight,  trees,  automobiles  or  trains  from  in- 
fested territory  to  that  not  yet  infested. 

The  adult  moths  are  found  in  July  and  August  and  a  few  strag- 
glers may  be  met  with  early  in  September.  The  female  has  a  large 
body  and  grayish-white  wings  bearing  irregular,  indefinite,  darker 
markings,  and  measuring  about  an  inch  and  a  half  between  the  tips 
of  the  extended  wings.  The  males  are  rather  smaller,  and  much 
darker  in  color. 

The  eggs  are  laid  mainly  during  the  latter  part  of  July  and  Au- 
gust, in  clusters  of  from  two  hundred  to  four  hundred,  mixed  with 
brownish  hairs  from  the  body  of  the  moth,  which  conceal  the  eggs 
themselves.  The  clusters  are  placed  on  trees,  rocks,  fences  or  on 
any  rubbish  at  hand,  and  the  eggs  remain  unhatched  until  the  fol- 
lowing spring.  The  tiny  caterpillars  escape  from  the  eggs  about 
the  time  the  leaves  develop,  and  begin  to  feed,  and  are  full  grown 
in  most  cases  during  June,  being  at  this  time  two  inches  or  more 
in  length,  rather  stout,  and  with  numerous  rather  long  hairs, 
though  the  caterpillar  could  hardly  be  called  "  furry."  These 
caterpillars  now  crawl  from  the  leaves  to  the  trunk,  fences  or 
rocks,  and  here  they  spin  a  few  scattering  silk  threads  around 
themselves,  and  then  change  to  short,  brown  pupae,  within  which 
they  change  from  caterpillars  to  moths.  This  change  having 
been  completed,  the  moths  escape  from  the  pupae  in  July  or  Au- 
gust, and  lay  their  eggs  for  another  generation. 


374  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

This  insect  is  a  very  serious  pest  for  several  reasons.  It  feeds  in 
the  caterpillar  stage  on  a  very  large  number  of  trees,  shrubs  and 
other  plants,  and  is  most  voracious.  It  increases  rapidly  in  num- 
bers and  is  very  resistant  to  stomach  poisons  used  as  sprays.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  female  moth  is  so  heavy  it  cannot  fly,  so  that 
the  insect  spreads  mainly  by  the  caterpillars'  crawling,  and  by 
the  caterpillars' or  moths'  being  carried  to  new  places  by  vehicles 
they  may  get  onto. 

The  best  methods  for  the  destruction  of  this  pest  are  by  destroy- 
ing the  egg  clusters  during  the  fall  or  winter  by  soaking  them  with 
creosote  oil  mixed  with  a  little  turpentine  and  coal  tar.  This  can 
be  done  by  using  a  swab  soaked  in  the  mixture  and  fastened  to  the 
end  of  a  pole,  pressing  the  wet  swab  against  the  egg  clusters.  The 
caterpillars  feed  mainly  at  night  and  hide  from  the  light  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  in  the  daytime,  hence  loose  burlap  bands  around 
tree  trunks  will  draw  many  there  for  concealment,  and  they  can 
then  be  easily  destroyed.  In  some  cases,  spraying  heavily  with  a 
strong  stomach  poison,  particularly  when  the  caterpillars  are 
young,  is  quite  effective.  At  present,  all  hope  of  a  general  control 
of  this  insect  rests  in  the  success  of  parasitic  enemies  imported 
from  the  native  home  of  this  insect,  an  experiment  now  being  con- 
ducted by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the 
State  of  Massachusetts,  in  co-operation. 

THE  BROWN-TAIL  MOTH. 

The  brown-tail  moth  was  accidentally  brought  to  Massachu- 
setts about  1890,  and  since  that  time  has  spread  from  near  Boston, 
where  it  was  first  observed,  to  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia  on  the 
northeast,  central  New  Hampshire  on  the  north,  the  Connecticut 
River  on  the  west,  and  to  northeastern  Connecticut  on  the  south. 
It  has  also  been  found  in  other  parts  of  the  country  on  im- 
ported plants,  but  so  far  as  known,  these  cases  have  all  been  im- 
mediately discovered  and  the  insects  destroyed.  Colonies  which 
originated  in  this  way  are  likely  to  be  discovered  at  any  time,  how- 
ever, and  in  any  case  a  general  distribution  of  the  pest  over  at 
least  the  eastern  United  States  is  almost  certain  to  occur  sooner 
or  later. 


TKEES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  375 

The  adult  moth  is  pure  white,  except  at  the  end  of  the  body, 
which  bears  a  tuft  of  golden  brown  hairs,  which  has  given  the  in- 
sect its  name.  It  measures  about  an  inch  between  the  tips  of  the 
extended  wings,  and  flies  at  night  during  the  first  half  of  July. 
The  moths  are  active  and  are  attracted  to  lights,  and  may  often  be 
seen  clustering  around  street  lights.  They  lay  their  eggs  in  clus- 
ters on  the  leaves  of  trees,  mingled  with  brown  hairs  from  the  end 
of  the  body,  which  conceal  the  eggs  themselves,  and  an  egg  cluster 
may  contain  from  200  to  400  eggs.  These  hatch  during  August, 
and  the  little  caterpillars  feed  in  company,  and  when  abundant 
may  skeletonize  the  leaves,  causing  them  to  turn  brown. 

In  September  each  cluster  of  caterpillars  passes  to  the  tip  of  a 
twig  and  here  spins  a  web,  drawing  together  a  number  of  leaves 
for  the  purpose.  These  webs  or  nests  of  silk  and  leaves  are  quite 
small,  being  perhaps  three  or  four  inches  long,  and  generally  an 
inch  or  two  across,  and  are  very  tough  and  resistant  to  attempts  to 
tear  them  open.  In  these  tents  the  caterpillars  winter,  leaving 
them  as  the  buds  open  and  the  leaves  begin  to  grow  in  the  spring. 
The  caterpillars  now  scatter  in  all  directions,  feeding  on  the  buds 
and  leaves,  and  become  full  grown  about  the  middle  of  June. 
They  then  pupate  among  the  leaves,  and  from  these  pupae  the 
moths  appear  in  July. 

The  caterpillars  are  quite  general  feeders,  but  their  favorite 
food  plants  are  perhaps  the  fruit  trees,  the  oaks,  maples  and  elm. 
Two  reddish  spots  on  the  back,  one  behind  the  other  and  not  far 
from  its  hinder  end,  make  the  recognition  of  this  caterpillar  easy. 

Besides  the  injury  to  the  trees  which  this  insect  causes,  it  is  the 
source  of  much  discomfort  and  even  of  suffering  to  persons  where 
it  is  abundant.  The  caterpillar  bears  numerous  finely  barbed  and 
brittle  hairs,  some  of  which,  at  least,  are  also  poisonous,  and 
when  the  caterpillars  molt,  pupate,  or  the  adults  escape  from 
the  pupa,  these  hairs  seem  to  become  liberated  and  are  carried  by 
the  winds.  When  the  hairs  strike  the  human  skin,  they  appear 
to  work  their  way  in  to  it  and  produce  a  severe  irritation  known  as 
the  "  brown-tail  rash."  Cooling  mixtures  may  be  used  to  relieve 
this,  such  as 


376  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Menthol,  10  grain* 

Zinc  oxidi,  2  drama 

Aq.  calcis,  8  ounces 

Acid  carbolici,  15  drops 

To  control  the  insect,  use  is  made  of  the  habit  of  the  caterpillars 
of  wintering  in  colonies  together  in  webs  or  nests  at  the  tips  of  the 
twigs,  these  being  cut  off  and  burned  at  any  time  during  the 
late  fall  or  winter.  When  the  caterpillars  are  feeding,  either  dur- 
ing the  early  fall  or  in  the  spring,  spraying  with  arsenate  of  lead  is 
a  quite  effective  method  of  control. 


THE  FALL  WEB  WORM. 

This  insect  feeds  on  a  large  list  of  shade  trees  as  well  as  on  fruit 
trees,  the  elms,  willows,  poplars  and  butternuts  being,  perhaps,  the 
more  favored  food  plants  among  the  former  group. 

The  moth  is  very  variable  in  appearance,  in  northern  New  Eng- 
land greatly  resembling  that  of  the  brown-tail  moth,  except  that  it 
has  no  brown  tail.  Further  south  the  wings  may  bear  numerous 
small,  black  spots.  It  flies  during  June,  July  and  early  August 
and  lays  its  eggs,  several  hundred  in  a  cluster, on  the  underside  of 
a  leaf.  These  eggs  soon  hatch  and  the  caterpillars  begin  to  spin  a 
web,  under  which  they  feed.  This  web  is  extended  as  they  grow 
and  need  more  food,  enclosing  more  of  the  leaves,  until  quite  a 
part  or  all  of  a  branch  may  be  thus  enclosed.  After  feeding  thus 
for  a  month  or  more  the  caterpillars  leave  the  web,  and  either  in 
the  ground  or  in  crevices  of  the  bark  of  the  tree  spin  their  cocoons. 
The  moths  may  emerge  from  these  cocoons  the  same  year  and 
lay  eggs  for  a  second  generation,  the  caterpillars  of  which  will 
feed  the  same  fall,  but  in  New  England  it  is  more  usual  for  them  to 
pass  the  winter  in  the  cocoon,  the  moths  appearing  the  following 
summer. 

As  the  caterpillars  of  this  insect  feed  together  under  a  web,  it 
is  easy  to  cut  off  this  and  kill  the  caterpillars,  particularly  when 
the  webs  first  appear  and  are  small.  Burning  the  webs  on  the  tree 
is  sometimes  resorted  to,  but  many  of  the  caterpillars  are  liable  to 
escape,  and  the  tree  is  liable  to  be  injured  by  this  method.  Spray- 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  377 

ing  with  arsenate  of  lead  close  around  the  webs,  so  that  the  leaves 
next  to  be  enclosed  shall  have  been  poisoned,  is  also  a  good  method 
of  control.  Numerous  natural  enemies  of  this  insect  aid  man  by 
holding  it  in  check  to  some  extent. 

CANKER  WORMS. 

The  canker  worms  are  two  closely  related  insects,  known  as  the 
Fall  Canker  Worm  and  the  Spring  Canker  Worm.  In  both  species 
the  caterpillar  is  an  "  inch  worm  "  or  "  looper;  "  in  both  the  cater- 
pillar feeds  during  the  spring  months,  and  when  through  feeding, 
leaves  the  tree  to  pupate  in  the  ground ;  in  both  the  female  moth 
is  wingless;  and  in  both  the  eggs  are  laid  by  the  wingless  female 
on  the  twigs  of  the  tree,  to  which  she  must,  therefore,  crawl  from 
the  ground. 

The  moths  of  the  fall  canker  worm  come  out  of  the  ground  dur- 
ing warm  days  in  late  October,  November  and  early  De- 
cember, and  the  females  crawl  up  the  trees  to  the  twigs,  where 
they  lay  their  eggs  in  clusters.  These  eggs  hatch  about  the  time 
the  leaves  appear  the  following  spring,  and  the  caterpillars  feed  for 
four  or  five  weeks  until  full  grown,  then  go  into  the  ground  to  pu- 
pate, the  moths  from  the  pupae  appearing  late  in  the  fall,  as  al- 
ready stated.  While  the  caterpillars  are  feeding  they  will,  if  dis- 
turbed, spin  down  from  the  trees  on  silken  threads. 

The  spring  canker  worm  moths  come  out  of  the  ground  during 
the  first  warm  days  of  spring,  even  in  February  in  some  cases, 
crawl  up  the  trees  to  the  twigs  and  lay  their  eggs.  These  soon 
hatch  and  the  caterpillars  feed  during  about  the  same  months  as 
those  of  the  fall  canker  worm,  leave  the  tree  at  about  the  same 
time  and  pupate  in  the  ground,  but  the  moths  do  not  emerge  that 
year,  spending  the  winter  as  pupae  in  the  ground. 

These  insects  are  quite  general  feeders,  consuming  the  leaves  of 
the  apple,  elm,  chestnut,  pear,  oak,  hickory,  box-elder,  maple  and 
other  trees.  As  the  eggs  are  laid  on  the  twigs  by  wingless  females, 
it  is  evident  that  anything  which  will  prevent  these  females  from 
climbing  the  trees  will  be  effective,  and  accordingly  sticky  bands 
and  metal  deflectors  are  extensively  used.  In  general  the  sticky 
material  known  as  "  Tree  Tanglefoot  "  has  proved  the  most  sue- 


378  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

cessf ul  material  to  use  for  this  purpose,  bands  of  tar  and  printer's 
ink  needing  renewal  frequently,  while  metal  deflectors  are  expen- 
sive and  often  need  readjustment  to  prevent  gaps  opening, 
through  which  the  insects  can  pass.  For  the  fall  canker  worm  the 
Tanglefoot  should  be  applied  by  the  middle  of  October  in  a  band 
from  four  to  six  inches  wide,  while  for  the  spring  canker  worm  it 
should  be  applied  the  first  warm  day  in  February,  even  if  there  be 
snow  on  the  ground.  If  the  canker  worms  are  already  feeding  on 
the  foliage  when  their  presence  is  first  discovered,  spraying  with  a 
stomach  poison  is  the  most  satisfactory  remedy. 

THE  WHITE-MARKED  TUSSOCK  MOTH. 

This  insect  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  many  of  our  shade  and  fruit 
trees  and  is  quite  abundant  throughout  the  eastern  United  States. 
The  winter  is  passed  in  the  egg  stage,  the  eggs  being  laid  in  clus- 
ters on  the  old  cocoons  of  the  female  moths,  covered  by  a  white 
froth  which  quickly  hardens,  forming  a  crust.  These  egg  masses 
and  the  cocoons  on  which  they  occur  are  found  on  the  larger  limbs 
and  trunks  of  the  trees  and  sometimes  on  the  smaller  twigs,  gen- 
erally in  the  latter  case  with  a  leaf  more  or  less  bound  to  the 
cocoon,  thus  rendering  these  more  noticeable  during  the  winter. 

The  eggs  hatch  in  the  spring  andthe  cater  pillars  feed  till  full 
grown  in  June.  They  are  then  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  in 
length,  yellow  and  black  in  color,  and  have  two  long  pencils  of 
black  hairs  at  the  head  and  a  third  at  the  hinder  end  of  the  body, 
besides  four  short,  dense,  yellowish,  very  noticeable  tufts  in  a 
row  a  short  distance  behind  the  head,  which  is  coral  red.  The 
caterpillars  now  go  to  the  trunk  and  larger  limbs,  where  they 
spin  their  silken  cocoons,  from  which  the  adult  moths  soon 
escape. 

The  female  moth  being  wingless,  lays  her  eggs  on  the  outside  of 
the  cocoon  from  which  she  emerged,  covering  them  with  a  white 
froth,  as  already  described.  The  eggs  soon  hatch  and  the  cater- 
pillars crawl  to  the  leaves,  where  they  feed  during  the  latter  part 
of  July  and  August.  When  full  grown,  they  in  their  turn  go  to  the 
limbs  and  trunk  to  form  their  cocoons,  from  which  the  second  gen- 
eration of  moths  escape  and  lay  their  eggs  which  winter  over. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  379 

There  are,  accordingly,  two  generations  of  this  insect  each  year, 
the  feeding  periods  of  the  caterpillars  being  during  May  and  early 
June,  and  late  July  and  August. 

To  check  the  destruction  caused  by  this  insect,  the  egg  clusters 
covered  by  the  white  crust  may  be  gathered  and  burned  whenever 
they  are  noticed.  Spraying  with  arsenate  of  lead  early  in  May 
and  again  the  latter  part  of  July  will  destroy  the  caterpillars,  but 
is  unnecessary  if  the  egg  clusters  have  been  attended  to.  Banding 
the  trunks  of  trees  not  infested,  with  Tree  Tanglefoot,  will  protect 
these  if  their  branches  do  not  touch  those  of  infested  trees,  as  the 
female  is  wingless,  and  to  reach  the  trees  she  or  the  caterpillars 
must  crawl  up  the  trunks. 


SPECIAL  FEEDERS. 
THE  ELM-LEAF  BEETLE. 

This  insect  reached  the  United  States  from  Europe  about  seven- 
ty-five years  ago  and  is  now  quite  generally  distributed  through 
the  eastern  states.  The  elm  is  its  only  food  plant,  and  the  Euro- 
pean elm  generally  suffers  more  from  its  attacks  than  the  Ameri- 
can species. 

The  insect  passes  the  winter  as  the  adult  beetle,  hiding  in  any 
protected  places  available,  such  as  attics,  old  chimneys,  etc.,  and 
is  often  found  on  the  windows  in  houses  in  the  spring,  seeking  to 
escape  to  the  trees.  The  beetle  is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long 
and  about  half  as  wide,  and  is  yellow  in  the  summer  with  a  dark 
band  on  each  side,  but  after  wintering  over,  the  yellow  changes  to 
a  dull  olive  green. 

After  the  elm  leaves  appear  the  beetles  fly  to  the  trees,  and  feed, 
eating  irregular  holes  and  laying  their  eggs.  These  are  yellow  in 
color  and  are  placed  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves,  generally 
along  a  vein  and  in  two  rows,  and  number  from  a  dozen  to  thirty. 
The  beetle  feeds  and  lays  its  eggs  in  this  way  for  several  weeks. 
The  grubs  which  hatch  from  these  eggs  feed  on  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaves,  leaving  the  upper  surface  entire,  for  fifteen  or  twenty 


380  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

days,  then  crawl  down  the  tree  to  the  larger  limbs,  trunk,  or  even 
to  the  ground,  and  pupate,  either  in  crevices  of  the  bark  or  on  the 
ground,  the  adult  beetles  escaping  from  the  pupae  after  about  a 
week. 

In  the  more  northern  states  these  beetles  are  the  ones  which 
winter  over,  and  though  they  may  feed  somewhat  on  the  leaves 
during  the  fall,  do  little  injury.  In  the  middle  and  more  southern 
states,  however,  they  return  to  the  trees  and  lay  eggs  for  a  second 
generation  of  grubs,  which  feed  during  the  late  summer  months 
and  become  adult  before  winter. 

It  is  rarely  profitable  to  spray  twice  for  these  insects — once  as 
soon  as  the  leaves  have  developed,  and  again  about  the  time  the 
young  hatch — and  the  usual  treatment  is  to  spray  with  arsenate 
of  lead,  using  about  five  pounds  of  the  arsenate  to  fifty  gallons  of 
water,  about  the  time  the  eggs  hatch,  the  exact  date  varying  con- 
siderably with  difference  of  latitude.  The  spray  should  be  di- 
rected so  as  to  reach  the  underside  of  the  leaves  as  far  as  possible, 
as  the  grubs  feed  only  on  that  side. 

If  for  any  reason  spraying  is  not  possible  or  has  been  neglected, 
the  trunk  and  larger  limbs  of  the  trees  should  be  made  quite 
smooth,  to  leave  as  few  crevices  as  possible  high  up  where  the 
grubs  might  pupate,  thus  inducing  them  to  come  farther  down 
where  they  may  be  destroyed  by  the  use  of  a  contact  poison,  such 
as  strong  kerosene  emulsion.  Sticky  bands  on  a  tree  are  of  no  pro- 
tection against  this  insect,  as  the  beetle  flies  freely. 


THE  SUGAR-MAPLE  BORER. 

This  insect  attacks  trees  in  full  vigor,  the  borer  making  a  bur- 
row often  several  feet  in  length  in  a  single  season.  Where  this 
runs  obliquely  around  the  trunk  or  a  limb  it  causes  a  more  or  less 
complete  girdling,  seriously  injuring,  or  in  some  cases  where  two 
or  three  borers  are  present,  even  killing  the  tree. 

The  adult  beetle  is  about  an  inch  long,  black  and  yellow,  the 
markings  making  it  very  noticeable.  It  is  found  mainly  during 
July  and  August,  during  which  period  the  eggs  are  laid.  The 
young  borers  which  hatch  from  the  eggs  bore  just  under  the  bark, 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  381 

mainly  in  the  trunk  or  near  the  bases  of  the  larger  limbs.  Here 
the  winter  is  passed,  and  the  following  spring  the  boring  is 
resumed,  the  tunnels  running  in  any  direction,  though  most  often 
upward  or  obliquely  around  the  tree.  Later  a  deep  burrow  is 
formed  farther  in  the  tree,  running  upward  toward  the  heart. 
Here  the  borer  pupates,  escaping  the  following  summer  as  the 
adult  beetle. 

Few  effective  methods  of  control  can  be  used  against  this  in- 
sect. Discoloration  of  the  bark  and  particles  of  frass  found  on  the 
trees  in  the  fall  may  indicate  about  where  a  young  borer  is  at 
work,  and  the  use  of  a  knife,  cutting  out  the  borer  there,  is  advis- 
able. If  a  burrow  can  be  found  in  which  it  seems  probable  a  borer 
is  present  but  out  of  reach,  a  little  carbon  disulphide  placed  on 
some  cotton  and  pushed  into  the  hole,  which  should  then  be  stopped 
up  with  soap,  putty,  or  some  similar  material,  should  destroy  the 
borer.  Treating  the  trunks  of  the  trees  with  a  carbolic  acid  wash 
about  the  middle  of  June  would  probably  provide  some  protection 
against  egg  laying  on  trees  thus  treated.  This  wash  is  made  by 
adding  a  gallon  of  hot  water  to  a  gallon  of  soft  soap,  adding  a  pint 
of  crude  carbolic  acid  and  letting  it  stand  twelve  hours  before  di- 
luting with  eight  gallons  of  soft  water.  This  should  be  thoroughly 
washed  over  the  trunk  and  also  a  few  feet  up  on  each  of  the  larger 
limbs. 

THE  COTTONY  MAPLE  SCALE. 

This  scale  insect  is  frequently  very  injurious  to  maples,  par- 
ticularly soft  maples,  and  is  also  sometimes  found  on  other  plants. 
It  is  located  on  the  twigs  and  resembles  a  small  tuft  of  cotton  pro- 
truding from  beneath  a  small  brown  scale. 

The  insect  is  not  often  very  noticeable  during  the  spring 
months,  the  cottony  portion  not  having  developed.  During  the 
summer,  however,  the  cottony  threads  form,  and  among  these  the 
eggs  and  young  occur.  The  young  soon  leave  the  cotton  where 
they  were  born,  and  pass  to  the  leaves  and  settle  down,  mainly 
along  the  veins,  to  feed.  Each  now  secretes  a  covering  scale,  and, 
before  the  leaves  drop,  the  insects  travel  back  to  the  twigs  to  pass 
the  winter.  In  the  spring  they  grow  rapidly,  and  in  June  produce 
the  cottony  threads,  making  them  more  noticeable. 


382  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

Brushing  infested  twigs  with  a  brush  or  broom  wet  with  kero- 
sene emulsion  has  been  suggested  as  a  treatment  for  this  insect, 
but  winter  spraying  with  about  twenty  per  cent,  kerosene  emul- 
sion has  given  the  most  successful  results. 

OAK  GALLS. 

Though  a  large  number  of  insects  attack  the  various  kinds  of 
oaks,  few  can  ordinarily  be  regarded  as  serious  pests.  If  cater- 
pillars are  feeding  on  the  leaves,  spraying  with  a  stomach  poison  is 
usually  a  sufficient  treatment.  Borers  in  the  trunk  can  be  handled 
as  suggested  for  the  maple  borer,  and  sucking  insects  can  be  con- 
trolled by  spraying  where  they  are  with  a  contact  poison.  Gall 
insects,  however,  may  cause  perplexity,  as  neither  of  the  methods 
just  named  would  seem  to  fit  this  case. 

It  is  very  unusual  for  gall  insects  to  be  so  abundant  on  a  tree  as 
to  render  it  liable  to  die.  It  is  very  common,  however,  for  them  to 
disfigure  the  tree  and  thus  lead  to  a  desire  for  treatment.  In  cases 
where  galls  are  formed  on  the  branches  they  are  likely  to  become 
permanent  eyesores,  and  such  branches  should  be  promptly  cut  off 
and  burned.  Elsewhere  on  the  tree  there  is  little  which  it  will  pay 
to  do,  and  patience  will  usually  be  rewarded  in  a  year  or  two  by 
the  disappearance  of  the  galls,  as  their  makers  are  gradually  over- 
come by  the  natural  enemies  of  these  insects. 

THE  ROSE-LEAF  HOPPER. 

This  is  a  common  pest  on  roses  grown  out  of  doors.  During 
the  latter  part  of  May  and  in  June,  numerous  tiny  young  of  this 
insect  may  be  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  from  which 
they  suck  the  juices,  producing  whitish  spots,  and  if  abundant 
may  cause  the  leaves  to  turn  yellow  and  drop  off.  At  first  these 
insects  cannot  fly,  though  they  can  hop  freely,  but  after  they 
have  become  adult,  disturbing  the  bush  may  start  them  flying  in 
clouds.  These  adults  are  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  long  and  pale 
yellow  in  color. 

Thorough  spraying  of  infested  plants  with  kerosene  emulsion  or 
soap  is  quite  effective  as  a  treatment,  provided  that  the  spray  be 
directed  against  the  undersides  of  the  leaves  and  be  driven  rather 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  383 

suddenly,  hitting  the  insects  before  they  have  time  to  hop  or  fly 
away.  If  a  strong  stream  of  water  can  be  driven  at  them  through 
a  garden  hose,  this  may  be  sufficient  without  resorting  to  the  in- 
secticides. 

THE  ROSE  PLANT  LOUSE  OR  APHIS. 

Small  green  plant  lice  or  aphides  are  frequently  met  with  on 
roses  during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  gathering  most  abun- 
dantly on  the  buds  and  younger  leaves.  They  are  nearly  always 
wingless  and  increase  very  rapidly,  from  four  to  ten  young  being 
produced  almost  every  day  by  the  adults.  These  pests  feed  by 
sucking  the  juices  from  the  plant,  and  when  abundant  on  the  buds 
frequently  blight  them.  They  can  be  held  in  check  by  spraying 
the  plants  with  kerosene  emulsion  or  soap,  but  it  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  as  only  those  touched  by  the  spray  are  killed,  the  spray- 
ing must  be  very  thorough  to  be  successful,  and  if  only  a  few  es- 
cape, there  will  be  multitudes  present  again,  in  the  course  of  three 
or  four  weeks. 

THE  ROSE  CHAFER. 

These  insects,  often  known  as  rose  bugs  or  rose  beetles,  are 
about  half  an  inch  long  and  light  brown  in  color.  They  appear 
about  the  time  the  roses  begin  to  bud  and  seem  to  feed  almost  en- 
tirely upon  the  buds  and  flowers,  being  present  for  three  or  four 
weeks.  They  are  not  restricted  to  the  rose  for  food,  but  attack 
the  buds  and  blossoms  of  various  ornamental  plants,  besides  the 
blackberry,  grape  and  fruit  trees. 

The  eggs  are  laid  in  the  ground  and  the  grubs  feed  on  grass 
roots,  and  pupate  there.  There  is,  therefore,  no  successful  method 
of  attacking  this  insect,  except  during  its  adult  condition.  In 
this  stage,  however,  it  is  very  hardy  and  resistant  to  poisons.  It 
can  be  destroyed  by  spraying  with  very  strong  arsenate  of  lead, 
but  even  then,  it  is  usually  several  days  before  it  succumbs,  and 
during  this  time  it  continues  feeding,  while  heavy  spraying  of  the 
plants  while  in  bud  and  flower  is  hardly  practicable.  The  only 
successful  treatment,  therefore,  is  by  hand-picking,  or  by  jarring 
the  insects  off  onto  cloths,  from  which  they  can  be  gathered  and 


384  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

destroyed  by  dropping  them  into  kerosene.  As  the  beetles  are 
most  active  during  the  warm  part  of  the  day,  this  treatment 
should  be  used  early  in  the  morning  or  toward  night,  when  they 
are  less  inclined  to  fly.  Where  it  is  possible  to  enclose  the  buds  in 
paper  bags,  this  will  give  protection  from  the  beetles,  but  this  is 
not  always  practicable. 

THE  RED  SPIDER. 

This  animal,  which  is  not  really  an  insect  but  a  mite,  is  fre- 
quently found  on  the  leaves  of  roses  as  well  as  other  plants.  It  is 
not  larger  than  a  pin  head,  yellowish  or  reddish  in  color,  and  sucks 
the  vitality  from  the  plant,  causing  the  leaves  gradually  to  turn 
pale  and  become  stunted,  and  in  time  the  plant  dies,  unless  treat- 
ment is  applied.  These  pests  are  particularly  sensitive  to 
sulphur,  however,  and  flowers  of  sulphur  dusted  over  the  plant, 
as  much  as  possible  placed  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  or 
mixed  with  water  at  the  rate  of  an  ounce  of  the  sulphur  to  a 
gallon  of  water,  and  sprayed  onto  the  plants,  is  usually  a  fairly 
satisfactory  treatment.  In  some  cases  the  use  of  soapsuds  in- 
stead of  the  water  to  add  the  sulphur  to,  seems  to  be  more 
efficacious. 

THE  SPRUCE  GALL  LOUSE. 

Soft,  fleshy  green  galls  often  noticed  in  June  and  July  at  the 
bases  of  the  twigs  of  different  kinds  of  spruces,  are  the  work  of 
gall-making  plant  lice.  The  lice  feed  in  chambers  in  the  galls, 
which  are  often  an  inch  long  and  half  as  wide,  during  the  months 
named,  but  by  August  the  galls  crack  open  outside  each  cavity 
and  turn  brown,  thus  permitting  the  lice  to  escape.  During  the 
fall  and  winter  these  lice,  in  one  stage  or  another,  may  be  found  on 
the  tree,  and  the  following  spring  eggs  are  laid,  from  which  the  gall 
inhabiting  insects  are  produced. 

The  formation  of  a  gall  at  the  base  of  a  twig  nearly  always 
causes  the  death  of  that  twig,  and  a  tree  where  the  insects  are 
abundant  becomes  thin,  with  many  dead  twigs  showing  brown 
galls,  and  as  a  whole  is  by  no  means  the  ornament  it  should  be. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  385 

When  the  galls  first  appear  on  a  tree,  it  is  generally  best  to  pick 
them  off  and  destroy  them.  When  they  are  abundant,  this  meth- 
od becomes  no  longer  practicable,  and  a  thorough  spraying  with 
two  pounds  of  soap  dissolved  in  a  gallon  of  water,  applied  about 
the  third  or  fourth  week  in  April,  is  the  best  treatment  available. 

THE  OYSTER-SHELL  SCALE. 

This  scale  insect  attacks  the  willow,  poplar,  ash,  lilac,  and  sev- 
eral other  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs,  besides  the  apple,  and  fre- 
quently destroys  the  tree  it  is  on.  The  scale  covering  the  insect  is 
bluntly  pointed  at  one  end,  rounded  at  the  other,  two  or  three 
times  as  long  as  broad,  and  generally  more  or  less  bent  toward  one 
side,  somewhat  resembling  an  oyster-shell  in  form.  It  varies  in 
color,  but  is  some  shade  of  gray  or  brown.  During  the  winter  the 
scale  shelters  beneath  itself  the  dead  female  insect  which  formed 
it,  together  with  from  thirty  to  one  hundred  pale  straw-colored 
eggs.  These  eggs  hatch  between  the  middle  of  May  and  the  tenth 
of  June,  according  to  the  latitude,  climate  and  advancement  of  the 
season,  and  the  very  minute  whitish  young  crawl  about  seeking  for 
places  where  they  may  settle  down  to  feed.  When  such  places  are 
found,  they  thrust  their  beaks  through  the  bark  and  begin  to  suck 
the  sap  from  the  plant.  A  scale  now  begins  to  be  formed  over 
the  back  of  the  insect,  which  becomes  adult  by  fall.  The  eggs  are 
laid  under  the  scale  and  the  insect  dies. 

In  the  more  northern  states  these  eggs  remain  under  the  scale 
till  the  following  year,  before  hatching.  Further  south  they  may 
hatch  the  same  season,  giving  a  second  generation  the  same  year. 

The  fact  that  the  eggs  of  this  pest  all  hatch  at  about  the  same 
time  is  made  use  of  in  the  treatment  employed,  which  is  to  spray 
very  thoroughly  as  soon  as  the  eggs  hatch — at  which  time  the 
tiny  whitish  young  can  be  seen  crawling  around,  if  looked  sharply 
for — with  linseed  oil  emulsion,  made  as  follows: 

Hard  soap,  1  pound 

Raw  linseed  oil,  1  gallon 

Water  to  make  12  gallons 

Dissolve  the  soap  in  a  small  quantity  of  warm  water,  add  the 


386  A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 

oil  and  churn  by  forcing  through  the  spray  pump,  pointing  the 
nozzle  back  into  the  mixture,  until  it  becomes  thick;  then  add  the 
rest  of  the  water,  and  spray. 

It  is  well  to  repeat  this  treatment  about  ten  days  later,  both 
because  the  first  treatment  may  have  missed  some  of  the  insects 
and  because  some  of  the  eggs  may  not  have  hatched  at  the  time  of 
the  first  spraying. 


INSECTICIDES. 
ARSENATE  OF  LEAD. 

This  is  now  sold  ready  for  use,  by  adding  the  requisite  amount  of 
water,  by  a  number  of  manufacturers.  It  is  probably  our  most 
effective  stomach  poison,  for  though  costing  more  than  paris 
green,  it  remains  on  the  plant  where  it  has  been  sprayed  a  much 
longer  time,  and  is  less  liable  to  burn  the  foliage.  Unless  large 
quantities  are  to  be  used  it  is  better  to  buy  it  than  to  make  it,  but 
if  directions  for  making  are  desired,  these  will  be  supplied  on  appli- 
cation to  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  any  state. 

Ordinarily  about  three  pounds  of  arsenate  of  lead  should  be 
mixed  with  fifty  gallons  of  water  to  spray,  but  for  the  gypsy  moth, 
brown-tail  moth  and  elm-leaf  beetle,  five  pounds  should  be  used 
instead.  In  spraying  it  is  necessary  that  the  sediment  should  be 
constantly  stirred,  in  order  for  it  to  be  carried  out  through  the 
pump  and  be  evenly  distributed. 

PARIS  GREEN. 

This  material  is  rarely  as  effective  as  the  last,  and  is  only  men- 
tioned because  it  may  in  some  cases  be  difficult  to  obtain  the 
other.  One  third  of  a  pound  of  paris  green  should  be  mixed  with 
half  a  pound  of  quicklime  which  has  just  been  slaked  in  some 
water,  and  water  should  be  added  to  make  a  total  of  about  fifty 
gallons,  and  the  whole  well  stirred  while  spraying,  for  the  reason 
stated  above. 


TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS.  387 

SOAP. 

Plant  lice,  leaf  hoppers,  etc.,  may  generally  be  destroyed  by 
spraying  them  with  one  pound  of  any  common  laundry  soap  dis- 
solved in  four  or  five  gallons  of  water.  Extreme  thoroughness  of 
application  is  necessary,  as  only  those  insects  actually  touched  by 
the  spray  are  affected. 

KEROSENE  EMULSION. 

This  material  is  more  effective  than  soap  for  sucking-insects, 
but  is  more  difficult  to  make.  To  prepare  it,  take  half  a  pound  of 
any  hard  soap  shaved  fine,  and  dissolve  in  a  gallon  of  hot  water. 
Then  remove  from  the  fire  and  add  two  gallons  of  kerosene  and 
churn  with  a  spray  pump,  turning  the  nozzle  of  the  pump  back 
into  the  mixture,  which  should  soon  become  thick  and  therefore 
difficult  to  force  through  the  pump.  When  this  condition  has 
been  reached,  take  one  part  of  the  mixture  or  stock  material  and 
add  it  to  nine  parts  of  water,  if  for  use  on  plant  lice;  or  to  six  parts 
of  water  for  leaf  hoppers;  mix  well  and  spray.  If  the  water  is 
hard  add  some  borax  or  soda  to  soften  it. 

Many  other  kinds  of  insects  frequently  attack  our  shade  trees 
and  shrubs,  and  in  case  of  doubt  as  to  their  identity  and  the  appro- 
priate treatment  to  be  given,  specimens  of  the  insect  or  its  work 
can  be  sent  to  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the  state  in 
which  the  person  desiring  assistance  resides.  Information  and 
advice  as  to  the  best  methods  of  treatment  for  different  insects  are 
supplied  by  the  officials  of  these  stations,  without  charge. 


TREES,  SHRUBS  AND  PLANTS  FOR 
SPECIAL  PURPOSES. 


PLANTS  PARTICULARLY  ADAPTED  FOR  ROCK-GARDENS. 


Page 

Adiantum  pedatum  148 

Ajuga  genevensis  151 

Ajuga  metallica  var.  crispa  151 

Allium  azureum  151 

Anemone  pennsylvanica  156 

Anemone  pulsatilla  156 

Anemone  sylvestris  156 

Aqiiilegia  canadensis  157 

Aquilegia  cserulea  157 

Arabis  albida  158 

Arabis  alpina  158 

Arctostaphylos  uva  ursi  158 

Artemisia  frigida  159 

Artemisia  pontica  159 

Artemisia  stellariana  159 

Aster  alpinus  161 

Callirhoe  involucrata  169 

Campanula  carpatica  170 

Cerastium  tomentosum  175 
Ceratostigma  plumbaginoides        175 

Chionodoxa  luciliae  177 

Crocus  vernus  187 

Cypripedium  acaule  187 

Cypripedium  spectabile  188 

Daphne  cneorum  188 
Dennstaedtia  (Dicksonia) 

punctilobula  189 

Dianthus  deltoides  191 

Dianthus  plumarius  191 

Dodecatheon  meadia  193 

Epigaea  repens  195 
Epimedium  alpinum  var.  rubrum  195 

Erythronium  Americanum  196 

Erythronium  dens-canis  196 

Galanthus  nivalis  203 

Galium  boreale  203 

Gentiana  Andrewsii  203 


Page 

Geranium  Endressi  204 

Geranium  platypetalum  204 

Geranium  sanguineum  204 

Goodyera  pubescens  205 

Gypsophila  repens  205 

Hedysarum  multijugum  206 

Helianthemum  (all  varieties)  207 

Helleborus  niger  209 

Hepatica  (all  varieties)  210 

Heuchera  sanguinea  211 

Hieracium  aurantiacum  213 

Houstonia  caerulea  213 

Hypericum  moserianum  216 

Iberis  (all  varieties)  216 

Iris  cristata  218 

Iris  pumila  218 

Jasione  perennis  220 

Juniperus  sabina  221 

Juniperus  sabina  var.  prostrata  221 
Juniperus  sabina  var. 

tamariscifolia  221 

Lathyrus  latifolius  225 

Lathyrus  vernus  225 

Lilium  tenuifolium  231 

Linum  perenne  231 

Lychnis  chalcedonica  236 

Lychnis  dioica  var.  flore-pleno  236 

Lychnis  flos-cuculi  236 
Lychnis  flos-cuculi  var.  plenissima 

236 

Lychnis  Haageana  237 

Lychnis  viscaria  var.  splendens  237 

Lychnis  alba  var.  flore-pleno  235 

Lycium  halimifolium  237 

Lysimachia  nummularia  238 

Malva  moschata  240 

Mertensia  pulmonarioides  241 


390 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Mitchella  repens 

242      Saxifraga  cordifolia 

314 

Myosotis  palustris 

243      Scilla  sibirica 

315 

Nierembergia  rivularis 

245      Sedum  acre 

315 

(Enothera  missouriensis 

246      Sedum  album 

315 

(Enothera  speciosa 

246      Sedum  Sieboldii 

316 

(Enothera  fruticosa  var.  Youngii 

246      Sedum  stolonifefum 

317 

Onoclea  sensibilis 

246      Sempervivum  (all  varieties) 

317 

Ononis  rotundifolia 

247      Seneceo  pulcher 

318 

Opuntia  missouriensis 

247      Silene  maritima  var.  flore-pleno 

318 

Pachysandra  termihalis 

248      Silene  virginica 

318 

Papaver  nudicaule 

250      Sisyrinchium  grandiflorum 

319 

Phlox  amoena 

255      Statice  latifolia 

326 

Phlox  divaricata 

25l      Thymus  (all  varieties) 

338 

Phlox  ovata 
Phlox  stellaria 
Phlox  subulata 

?cc 

"g      Trillium  (all  varieties)            340, 

,,-g      Tunica  saxifraga 

^3°                  »T 

341 
343 

Physalis  Franchetti 

258      Veronica  spuna 

348 

Polemonium  reptans 

267      Veronica  incana 

348 

Potentilla  hybrida 

270      Veronica  repens 

348 

Primula  auricula 

270      Veronica  rupestris 

348 

Primula  Sieboldi 

271      Vinca  minor 

352 

Primula  Polyantha 

271      Viola  cornuta 

353 

Rosa  wichuraiana 

286      Viola  pedata 

353 

Rubus  laciniatus 

307      Woodsia  ilvensis 

355 

Sanguinaria  canadensis 

312      Woodwardia  angustifolia 

355 

PLANTS  FOR  BOG  GARDENS  OR  GOOD  IN  WET  PLACES. 

Acorus  calamus  var.  variegatus 

148       Cypripedium  acaule 

187 

Arundo  donax 

160      Cypripedium  spectabile 

188 

Arundo  donax  var.  variegata 

160      Dodecaetheon  meadia 

193 

Azalea  arborescens 

163      Doronicum  plantagineum 

193 

Azalea  canadensis 

163      Doronicum  Clusii 

193 

Azalea  calendulacea 

163      Doronicum  caucasicum 

193 

Azalea  nudiflora 

163      Empetrum  nigrum 

194 

Azalea  Vaseyi 

163      Epimedium  macranthum 

195 

Azalea  viscosa 

163      Eryngium  aquaticum 

196 

Benzoin  odoriferum 

165      Erythronium  Americanum 

196 

Cephalanthus  occidentalis 

174      Erythronium  grandiflorum 

196 

Chrysanthemum  uliginosum 

179      Eulalia,  See  Miscanthus 

196 

Clethra  alnifolia 

181      Eupatorium  purpureum 

198 

Cornus  stolonifera 

185      Funkia  subcordata  var.  grandi- 

Cornus  sanguinea 

184          florum 

202 

Cornus  amomum 

184      Funkia  lancifolia 

202 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


391 


Gentiana  Andrewsii  203 

Geranium  maculatum  204 

Hamamelis  virginiana  206 

Hemerocallis  (all  varieties)  209 

Heracleum  villosum  211 

Hibiscus  moscheutos  212 
Hibiscus  moscheutos  var.  crimson 

eye  212 

Houstonia  caerulea  213 

Hydrophyllum  canadense  215 

Ilex  opaca  217 

Ilex  verticillata  217 

Iris  Ksempferi  218 

Iris  pseudacorus  219 

Iris  sibirica  219 

Iris  versicolor  219 

Kalmia  latifolia  223 

Ledum  latifolium  226 

Lobelia  cardinalis  232 

Lobelia  syphilitica  232 

Lythrum  salicaria  238 

Lythrum  salicaria  var.  roseum  238 

Miscanthus  sinensis  241 
Miscanthus  sinensis  var.  gracil- 

limus  241 
Miscanthus  sinensis  var.  varie- 

gatus  241 
Miscanthus  sinensis  var.  zebrinus  242 

Monarda  didyma  242 

Myosotis  palustris  243 

Nemopanthus  fascicularius  245 

Nierembergia  rivularis  245 

Oenothera  fruticosa  Youngii  246 


Qenothera  speciosa  246 
Onoclea  (Matteuccia) 

struthiopteris  246 

Osmunda  cinnamomea  247 

Osmunda  regalis  247 

Phalaris  arundinacea  253 

Polygonatum  multiflorum  267 

Polygonum  sachalinense  268 

Potentilla  fruticosa  270 

Ranunculus  aconitifolius  278 
Ranunculus  acris  var.  flore- 

pleno  279 
Ranunculus  repens  var.  flore- 

pleno  279 

Rhexia  virginica  279 

Rhododendron  maximum  281 

Rosa  spinosissima  291 

Rosa  Carolina  285 
Sambucus  nigra  311,312 

Sambucus  racemosa  312 

Sarracenia  Drummondii  313 

Sarracenia  purpurea  313 

Stenanthium  occidentale  326 

Stuartia  pentagyna  327 

Taxus  canadensis  334 

Trillium  grandiflorum  340 

Trollius  europaeus  341 

Typha  latifolia  343 

Ulmaria  palmata  344 

Ulmaria  pentapetala  344 

Ulmaria  rubra  344 

Viburnum  acerifolium  349 

Viburnum  alnifolium  349 


A  FEW  GOOD  HEDGE  PLANTS. 


Berberis  Thunbergii  166 

Chamaecyparis  obtusa  176 

Crataegus  crus-galli  186 

Crataegus  oxyacantha  186 

Cydonia  japonica  187 

Gleditschia  triacanthos  205 

Ilex  crenata  217 

Juniperus  virginiana  222 


Ligustrum  amurense 
Ligustrum  ibota 
Ligustrum  ovalifolium 
Picea  alba 
Picea  excelsa 
Rhamnus  cathartica 
Rosa  rubiginosa 
Salix  pentandra 


227 
228 
228 
259 
260 
279 
290 
310 


392 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Spiraea  Thunbergii 
Syringa  vulgaris 
Thuya  occidentalis 
Tsuga  canadensis 


325  Viburnum  dentatum 

330  Viburnum  cassinoides 

335  Viburnum  nudum 
342 


349 
349 
350 


SOME  OF  THE  BEST  VINES  AND  CLIMBERS. 


Actinidia  polygama  and  arguta  148 

Akebia  quinata  151 

Ampelopsis  quinquifolia  154 
Ampelopsis  quinquifolia  var. 

Englemanni  154 

Ampelopsis  heterophylla  154 

Apios  tuberosa  156 

Aristolochia  macrophylla  158 

Celastrus  scandens  174 

Clematis  paniculata  181 

Clematis  virginiana  181 

Clematis  lanuginosa  var.  Henry i  180 
Clematis  lanuginosa  var.  Jack- 

mani  180 
Clematis  lanuginosa  var.  Mme. 

Andre  180 
Clematis  lanuginosa  var.  Mme. 

Baron  Veillard  180 

Clematis  montana  180 
Clematis  hybrida  var.  New 

England  180 

Decumaria  barbara  188 

Euonymus  radicans  197 

Hedera  Helix  206 

Humulus  lupulus  213 

Ipomoea  pandurata  218 
Lonicera  periclymenum  var. 

belgica  234 

Lonicera  Heckrotti  233 


Lonicera  japonica  233 
Lonicera  japonica  var.  aureo- 

reticulata  233 

Lonicera  japonica  var.  Halliana  233 

Lonicera  sempervirens  234 

Lycium  halimifolium  237 

Menispermum  canadense  241 

Periploca  graeca  253 

Polygonum  Baldschuanicum  267 

Pueraria  Thunbergiana  274 
Rosa  setigera  var.  Baltimore 

Belle  291 
Rosa  hybrida  var.  Carmine 

Pillar  292 
Rosa  multiflora  var.  Crimson 

Rambler  292 

Rosa  multiflora  var.  Debutante  292 
Rosa  multiflora  var.  Dorothy 

Perkins  292 

Rosa  multiflora  var.  Lady  Gay  292 

Schizophragma  hydrangeoides  314 

Tecoma  radicans  334 

Tecoma  grandiflora  335 

Vitis  coignetiae  354 

Vitis  labrusca  354 

Vitis  vulpina  354 

Wistaria  chinensis  354 

Wistaria  multijuga  355 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS  WITH  ORNAMENTAL  FRUIT. 


Berberis  canadensis 
Berberis  amurensis 
Berberis  Thunbergii 
Celastrus  scandens 
Celtis  occidentalis 


165  Cotoneaster  Simonsi  185 

165  Cotoneaster  microphylla  185 

166  Crataegus  crus-galli  186 
174  Crataegus  cordata  186 
174  Crataegus  coccinea  186 


TREES,  SHUUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


393 


Crataegus  oxyacantha  186 

Elaeagnus  argentea  194 

Elaeagnus  longipes  194 

Euonymus  Americanus  197 

Euonymus  alatus  197 

Euonymus  nanus  197 

Euonymus  europaeus  197 

Euonymus  radicans  197 

Ilex  crenata  217 

Ilex  opaca  217 

Ilex  verticillata  217 

Ligustrum  ibota  228 

Ligustrum  vulgare  228 

Lonicera  Morrowi  234 

Lonicera  Ruprechtiana  234 

Lonicera  tatarica  235 

Lonicera  xylosteum  235 

Magnolia  glauca  239 

Magnolia  macrophylla  239 

Magnolia  tripetala  239 

Myrica  cerifera  243 

Prunus  maritima  272 

Prunus  pumila  273 

Ptelea  trifoliata  274 

Pyracantha  coccinea  275 

Pyrus  baccata  275 

Pyrus  coronaria  275 

Pyrus  floribunda  276 


Rhamnus  dahurica  279 
Rhamnus  Frangula  or 

Carolineana        .  279 

Rhodotypos  kerrioides  282 

Rhus  glabra  283 

Rhus  typhina  283 

Rosa  rugosa  289 

Rosa  blanda  286 

Rosa  multiflora  286 

Rosa  rubiginosa  290 

Sambucus  racemosa  312 

Sorbus  arbutifolia  320 

Sorbus  aucuparia  320 

Sorbus  hybrida  321 

Symphoricarpos  racemosus  328 

Symphoricarpos  vulgaris  328 

Symplocus  crataegoides  328 

Taxus  canadensis  334 

Taxus  cuspidata  334 

Viburnum  acerifolium  349 

Viburnum  alnifolium  349 

Viburnum  cassinoides  349 

Viburnum  dentatum  349 

Viburnum  dilatatum  350 

Viburnum  lantana  350 

Viburnum  lentago  350 

Viburnum  nudum  350 

Viburnum  opulus  351 


TREES  AND  SHRUBS  WITH  DISTINCT  COLORED  LEAVES 
OTHER  THAN  GREEN. 


Acer  negundo  var.  aurea 

marginatum  144 

Acer  platanoides  var.  Schwedleri  144 

Acer  platanoides  var.  Geneva  144 
Acer  palmatum  var.  atropurpur- 

eum  145 
Acer  palmatum  var.  dissectum 

atropurpureum  145 

Acer  japonicum  var.  aureum  143 
Acer  pseudo-platanus  var.  Worleei 

145 
Berberis  vulgaris  var.  atropur- 

purea  165 


Betula  alba  var.  atropurpurea  167 

Calluna  vulgaris  var.  aurea  169 
Catalpa  bignonioides  var. 

purpurea  1 73 
Chamaecyparis  pisifera  var. 

filifera  aurea  176 
Chamaecyparis  pisiferavar. 

plumosa  aurea  177 

Chamaecyparis  pisifera  var.  aurea  176 

Cornus  mascula  var.  variegata  183 

Cornus  sanguinea  var.  variegata  184 

Cornus  alba  var.  Spaethi  183 

Corylus  maxima  var.  purpurea  185 


394 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Diervilla  florida  var.  variegata       192 
Euonymus  radicans  var.  argen- 

teo  marginatus  or  reticulatus  197 
Fagus  sylvatica  var.  purpurea  199 
Fagus  sylvatica  var.  purpurea 

Riversi  200 

Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  var. 

aucubaefolia  201 

Juniperus  communis  var.  aurea     220 
Juniperus  chinensis  var.  argen- 

teo  variegata  221 

Juniperus  virginiana  var.  ele- 

gantissima  222 

Kerria  japonica  var.  argenteo- 

variegata  223 

Ligustrum  ovalifolium  var. 

variegatum  228 

Philadelphus  coronarius  var. 

aureus  253 

Physocarpus  opulifolius  var. 

aurea  259 

Picea  alba  var.  aurea  259 

Picea  excelsa  var.  Finedonensis     260 
Picea  pungens  262 

Pinus  Thunbergi  var.  oculus- 

draconis  263 


Populus  alba  268 
Populus  deltoides  var.  Van 

Geertii  269 

Prunus  persica  var.  purpurea  272 
Prunus  cerasifera  var.  atropur- 

purea  271 

Ptelea  trifoliata  var.  aurea  274 
Quercus  pedunculata  var.  con- 

cordia  278 

Sambucus  nigra  var.  aurea  311 
Symphoricarpos  vulgaris  var. 

variegatus  328 

Taxus  baccata  var.  argentea  334 

Thuya  occidentalis  var.  alba  335 

Thuya  occidentalis  var.  lutea  336 
Thuya  occidentalis  var.  Ver- 

vaeneana  337 

Thuya  orientalis  var.  aurea  337 
Thuya  orientalis  var.  elegantis- 

sima  337 
Ulmus  campestris  var.  antarctica 

aurea  345 
Ulmus  campestris  var.  Louis  van 

Houtte  345 

Ulmus  scabra  var.  atropurpurea  345 


A  FEW  OF  THE  BEST  HARDY  FERNS. 


Adiantum  pedatum  148 
Dennstaedtia  (Dicksonia)  punc- 

tilobula  189 

Onoclea  sensibilis  246 
Onoclea  (Matteuccia)  struthiop- 

teris  246 


Osmunda  cinnamomea 
Osmunda  claytoniana 
Osmunda  regalis 
Pteris  aquilina 
Woodsia  ilvensis 
Woodwardia  angustifolia 


247 
247 
247 
274 
355 
355 


INDEX 


A 

Ash, 

201 

Abbreviations, 

140 

American, 

201 

Aconite, 

147 

Aucuba-leaved, 

201 

Adam's  Needle,               (ill. 

105)  356 

Black, 

201 

Alder, 

151 

European, 

201 

Black, 

217 

Flowering, 

201 

Cut-leaved, 

152 

Weeping, 

201 

Alkanet, 

155 

Ashberry, 

165 

Allspice, 

169 

Aspen, 

269 

Carolina,                    (111. 

47)  169 

American, 

270 

Almond, 

270 

Large  Toothed, 

269 

Double  Pink, 

270 

Asphodel, 

161 

Double  White, 

270 

Aster, 

161 

Alpine  Rose, 

281 

Mountain, 

161 

Althaea,                             (111. 

25)  212 

Stokes, 

327 

Alum  Root, 

211 

Tartarian, 

161 

Apache  Plume, 

204 

Aquatic  Garden  Effects 

123 

Aralia, 

143 

Autumn  Crocus, 

182 

Five-leaved, 

143 

Auricula, 

270 

Arbor  Vitae, 

335 

Avens, 

204 

American, 

335 

Douglas'  Little  Gem, 

337 

B 

Geo.  Peabody's, 

336 

Baby's  Breath, 

205 

Globe, 

336 

Bachelor's  Button, 

'  278 

Golden, 

336 

Bald  Cypress, 

333 

Heath-leaved, 

336 

Balloon  Flower, 

266 

Hovey's, 

336 

Semi-double, 

266 

Pyramidal, 

337 

White, 

266 

Queen  Victoria, 

335 

Balm, 

241 

River's, 

337 

Variegated, 

241 

Siberian, 

337 

Balm  of  Gilead, 

269 

Tom  Thumb, 

336 

Barberry, 

165 

Vervaene's, 

337 

Common, 

165 

Weeping, 
Arbutus, 

336 
195 

Japanese, 
Purple-leaved, 

(111.  31)  166 
165 

Trailing, 

195 

Siebold's, 

165 

Arrow  Wood, 

349 

Barren  wort, 

195 

Arsenate  of  Lead, 

386 

Bass-wood, 

339 

Artichoke, 

209 

American, 

339 

Jerusalem, 

209 

Cut-leaved, 

339 

(395) 


396 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Bass-wood,  European, 

339 

Bladder-nut,  American, 

326 

Golden-barked, 

339 

Bladder  Senna, 

182 

Bastard  Indigo, 
Bean, 

153 
156 

Blanket  Flower, 
Blazing  Star, 

202 
(111.  29)  227 

Wild, 

156 

Bleeding-heart, 

191 

Beam-tree, 

321 

Moodroot, 

312 

White, 

321 

Blue  Beech, 

171 

Bean-tree, 

173 

Bluebell, 

170 

Indian, 

173 

Blueberry, 

346 

Bearberry, 

158 

Blue-eyed  Grass, 

319 

Bed-straw, 

203 

Blue  Succory, 

173 

Beard  Tongue, 

252 

Blue  Spiraea, 

171 

Bee  Balm, 

242 

Bluet, 

174,  213 

Beech, 

199 

Mountain, 

174 

American, 

199 

Bouncing  Bet, 

213 

Copper, 

199 

Box, 

169 

Cut-leaved, 

(111.  71)  199 

Box-thorn, 

237 

European, 

199 

Chinese. 

237 

River's  Purple, 

199 

Bracken, 

274 

Weeping, 

(111.  33)  199 

Brake, 

274 

Bellwort, 

346 

Bramble, 

307 

Perfoliate, 

346 

Cut-leaved, 

307 

Betony, 

325 

Brown-tail  Moth,  The, 

374 

Large  Flowered, 

325 

Buckeye, 

149 

Wood, 

325 

Ohio, 

149 

Bergamot, 

242 

Yellow, 

149 

White, 

242 

Buckthorn, 

213,  279 

Biota, 

337 

Laurel-leaved, 

279 

Golden, 

337 

Sea, 

213 

Oriental, 

337 

Buffalo  Berry, 

318 

Birch, 

166 

Bugbane, 

179 

Canoe, 

167 

Bugle, 

151 

Cut-leaved, 

166 

Bugleweed, 

151 

European, 

166 

Burning-bush, 

197 

Golden-leaved, 

166 

Winged, 

197 

Paper, 

167 

Buttercup, 

278 

Purple-leaved, 

167 

Creeping, 

278 

Pyramidal, 

166 

Double  White, 

278 

Red, 

167 

Butterfly  Weed, 

160 

Weeping, 

166 

Butternut, 

220 

White, 

166 

Button-bush, 

174 

Yellow, 

167 

Buttonwood, 

265 

Bitternut, 

212 

Bitter-sweet, 

174 

Bitter  Vetch, 

225 

Cactus, 

247 

Black-eyed  Susan, 

307 

Common, 

247 

Bladder-nut, 

325 

Camper  nella, 

244 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


397 


Campion, 

235 

Columbine,  Rocky  Mountain, 

157 

Evening, 

235 

Wild, 

157 

Morning, 

234 

Comfrey, 

328 

Rose, 

234 

Compass-plant  , 

319 

Candytuft, 

216 

Cone  Flower,                   194,  308, 

226 

Evergreen, 

216 

Yellow, 

226 

Hardy, 

216 

Contents, 

7 

Lebanon, 

150 

Coral  Bells, 

211 

Candleberry, 

243 

Cork  Tree, 

253 

Canker  Worm,  The, 

377 

Chinese, 

253 

Canterbury  Bell, 

(III.  125)  170 

Cornel, 

184 

Cardinal  Flower, 

232 

Bailey's, 

184 

Catalpa, 

172 

Silky, 

184 

Purple-leaved, 

172 

Cornelian  Cherry, 

183 

Southern, 

172 

Variegated,  _ 

183 

Tea's, 

173 

Cottony  Maple  Scale,  The, 

381 

Catchfly, 

318 

Cotton  wood, 

269 

Cat-tail, 

343 

Cowslip, 

271 

Cedar, 

177,  223 

English, 

271 

White, 

177 

Crab, 

275 

Red, 

(111.  61)  222 

Bechtel's, 

275 

Red  Weeping, 

222 

Flowering,                (111.  21) 

276 

Chalk  Plant, 

205 

Hall's  Flowering, 

276 

Chamomile, 

156 

Wild, 

275 

Dwarf, 

168 

Cranberry  Bush, 

351 

False, 

168 

Dwarf, 

351 

'  Kelway's, 

156 

Crane's  Bill, 

204 

Cherry, 

273 

Crimson  Eyed  Hibiscus,          (111. 

69) 

Indian, 

273 

Crimson  Glory  Vine, 

354 

Japanese, 

273 

Crowberry, 

195 

Sand, 

273 

Cuchoo-flower, 

236 

Chestnut, 

172 

White, 

236 

American, 

172 

Cucumber  Tree, 

238 

Paragon, 

172 

Large-leaved, 

239 

Chinquapin, 

172 

Cup-plant, 

319 

Chokeberry, 

320 

Currants, 

283 

Christmas-rose, 

209 

Double  Flowered, 

284 

Cinquifoil, 

270 

Missouri, 

284 

Shrubby, 

270 

Mountain 

283 

Climbing  Hydrangea, 
Columbine, 

314 
(111.  17)  157 

Red  Flowered, 

284 

Californian, 

157 

Wild, 

284 

Double, 

158 

Cushion  Flower, 

314 

European, 

157 

White, 

314 

Golden  Spurred, 

157 

Cushion-pink, 

159 

Long  Spurred, 

157 

White, 

159 

Mexican, 

157 

Cypress,                                    176, 

177 

398 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


D 

Elm-leaf  Beetle,  The, 

379 

Daffodil, 

244 

Empress  Tree, 

251 

Hoop  Petticoat, 

244 

Evening  Primrose, 

246 

Daisy, 

165 

White, 

246 

English, 

165 

Yellow, 

246 

Giant, 

179 

Everlasting, 

155 

Shastae, 

(111.  45)  179 

Explanations, 

140 

Turfing, 

179 

Dark  Mullen, 

347 

F 

Day-lily, 

202,  209 

White, 

202 

Fall  Web  Worm,  The, 

376 

Double, 

210 

False  Dragonhead, 

259,  193 

Decumary, 

188 

Feather-grass, 

327 

Dendrobium, 

226 

Feathered  Columbine, 

335 

Desmodium, 

226 

Fern, 

148 

Dielytra, 

191 

Chain, 

355 

Distances  Apart  for  Plants.            358 

Cinnamon, 

247 

Dog's  Tooth  Violet, 

196 

Gossamer  or  Hay, 

189 

Dogwood, 

182 

Interrupted, 

247 

Alternate-leaved, 

183 

Ostrich, 

246 

Pink  Flowering, 

184 

Royal, 

(111.  37)  247 

Round-leaved, 

183 

Sensitive, 

246 

Weeping, 

184 

Fescue  Grass, 

200 

White  Flowering, 

184 

Blue, 

200 

White-fruited, 

183 

Feverfew, 

178 

Driveway  Treatment, 

(111.  129) 

Fir, 

142 

Drop  wort, 

344 

Balsam, 

142 

Double, 

344 

Cilician, 

142 

Dutchman's  Pipe, 

(111.  89)  158 

Nordman, 

142 

Dyer's  Broom, 

203 

Spanish, 

134 

Veitch's, 

143 

£ 

Washington, 

142 

Elder, 

311 

White, 

142 

Cut-leaved, 

312 

Fire  Bush, 

187 

Golden, 

311 

Fire-pink, 

318 

Red  Berried, 

312 

Flag, 

218 

Variegated, 

312 

Dwarf, 

219 

Elm, 

345 

East  Siberian, 

219 

American, 

345 

Siberian, 

219 

Blandford, 

346 

Water, 

219 

Camperdown, 

346 

White  Siberian, 

219 

English, 

345 

Yellow-banded, 

218 

Golden-  leaved, 

345 

Flea-bane, 

195,  218 

Purple-leaved, 

345 

Foam-flower, 

338 

Scotch, 

346 

Forget-me-not, 

243 

Slippery, 

345 

Fox  Berry, 

347 

Van  Houttei's, 

345 

Foxglove,                     (111. 

65)  91,  193 

1REI 

is,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 

399 

Fringe, 

177 

Gypsy  Moth,  The, 

373 

Purple, 

282 

White, 

(111.  27)  177 

H 

Fuchsia, 

201 

Hackberry, 

174 

Hardy, 

201 

Hair  Grass, 

242 

Hawkweed, 

213 

G 

Orange, 

213 

Garden  Heliotrope, 
Garden-plans, 
Garland  Flower, 
Gas  Plant, 
Gentian, 
Closed, 
Geranium, 
Wild, 

347 
130-139 
188 
(111.  43)  191 
203 
203 
204 

Hawthorne, 
English, 
Hazel, 
Cut-leaved, 
Golden-leaved, 
Purple-leaved, 
Heather, 
Golden, 

186 
186 
185 
185 
185 
185 
169 
169 

German  Iris, 
Giant  Bay, 
Giant  Reed, 

(111.  67) 
281 
160 

Hedge  Plants, 
Hemlock, 
American, 

391 
(111.  23)  342 
342 

Variegated, 
Globe  Flower, 
Double, 
Variegated, 
Globe  Thistle, 
Glory  of  the  Snow, 
Glossary, 
Goat's  Beard, 
Goat's  Rue, 
Golden  Bell, 
Drooping, 
Fortune's, 
Upright, 
Gold  Flower, 
Golden  Glow, 
Golden  Rod, 

160 
223,  341 
223,  342 
223 
194 
177 
140 
160,  162 
203 
200 
200 
200 
200 
216 
308 
319 

Carolina, 
Sargent's  Weeping, 
Hercules  Club, 
Hickory, 
Shagbark, 
Swamp, 
Hobble  Bush, 
Hollyhock, 
Alleghany, 
Holly, 
Homestead  Lily, 
Honey  Locust, 
Weeping, 
Honeysuckle, 
Belgian, 
Chinese, 

342 
342 
158 
212 
213 
212 
349 
152 
152 
217 
209 
205 
205 
233 
234 
233 

Goldentuft, 
Grape, 
Fox, 

153 

354 

Fly, 
Golden, 
Hall's, 

235 
233 
(111.  41)  233 

Frost, 
Grape  Hyacinth, 
Grasswort, 
Starry, 
Great  Laurel, 
Groundsel, 

354 
243 
175 
175 
281 
318 

Fragrant, 
Japanese, 
Scarlet  Trumpet, 
Siberian, 
Tartarian, 
White-bush, 
Hop, 

233 
233 
234 
235 
235 
235 

Groundsel-tree, 
Guider  Rose, 

164 
351 

*.M.\J^J) 

Hop  Hornbeam, 
Hop  Tree, 

248 
274 

Gout  weed, 

149 

Golden, 

274 

400 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Horehound, 

240 

Jonquil, 

244 

Hornbeam, 

171 

Judas  Tree, 

175 

Horse  Chestnut, 

149 

Double  White, 

149 

K 

Dwarf, 

150 

How  to  Plant, 

358 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree, 

205 

Huckleberry, 

347 

Kerosene  Emulsion, 

287 

Hairy, 

347 

Kerria, 

282 

Swamp, 

347 

White, 

282 

House-leek, 

317 

Knap-weed, 

174 

Irish, 

318 

Knot  Weed, 

267 

Hyacinth, 

214 

Tall, 

268 

Dutch, 

214 

Kudzu  Vine, 

274 

Grape, 

243 

Summer, 

203 

L 

Hysop, 

216 

Laburnum, 

224 

Weeping, 

224 

I 

Lady's  Slipper,                  (ill.  63) 

187 

Illustrations, 

13-129 

Showy, 

187 

Indian  Currant, 

328 

Lamb-kill, 

222 

Variegated, 

328 

Lantern  Plant, 

258 

Indigo, 

164 

Chinese, 

258 

Inkberry, 

217 

Larch, 

224 

Insecticides, 

386 

American, 

224 

Insects  and  Pests, 

369 

European, 

225 

Iron  Wood, 

248 

Golden, 

273 

Ivy, 

154 

Japanese, 

225 

Boston, 

154 

Larkspur, 

189 

English, 

206 

Chinese, 

189 

Japanese, 

154 

Chinese  White, 

189 

Kenil  worth, 

231 

Laurel, 

223 

Mountain, 

223 

J 

Lavender, 

225 

Jacob's  Ladder, 

266 

Hardy, 

235 

Juneberry, 

153 

Hardy  White, 

235 

Spike-flowering, 

153 

Cotton, 

313 

Joint  Weed, 

267 

Lawns  and  how  to  Make  Them, 

365 

Joe-Pye-Weed, 

198 

Lead  Plant, 

153 

Juniper, 

220 

Lead  wort, 

175 

Chinese, 

221 

Leather  Leaf, 

177 

Chinese  Golden, 

221 

Leatherwood, 

193 

Chinese  Variegated, 

221 

Lebanon  Candytuft, 

150 

Common, 

220 

Lemon  Lily, 

209 

Irish, 

221 

Leopard's  Bane, 

193 

Japanese, 

221 

Leopard  Moth,  The, 

370 

Savin, 

221 

Lilac, 

329 

Swedish, 

221 

Chinese, 

329 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


401 


Lilac,  Chionanthus-leaved, 

329 

M 

Common  Purple, 

330 

Common  White,        (III.  59) 

330 

Madwort, 

153 

Japanese, 

329 

Austrian, 

153 

Persian, 

329 

Magnolia, 

(111.  Ill) 

Lily,                                   (111.  79) 
African, 

150 
150 

Maidenhair  Tree, 
Mandrake, 

204 
266 

Bateman's, 

230 

Maple, 

143-147 

Brown's, 

229 

Ash-leaved, 

144 

Canadian, 

229 

Colchicum, 

144 

Coral, 

231 

Cork-barked, 

143 

Golden-banded, 

229 

Geneva, 

144 

Gray's, 

230 

Japanese, 

143-145 

Hanson's, 

230 

Mountain, 

146 

Henry's, 

230 

Norway, 

144 

Madonna. 

229 

Red, 

146 

Martagon, 

230 

Rock, 

146 

Melpomene, 
Philadelphia, 

231 

230 

Scarlet, 
Schwedler's, 

146 
144 

Siberian, 

231 

Striped  Barked, 

144 

Spotted, 

230 

Sugar, 

146 

Thunbergian, 

230 

Silver, 

146 

Tiger, 

231 

Swamp, 

146 

Tiger,  Double, 

231 

Sycamore, 

145 

Trumpet, 

230 

Tartarian, 

147 

Turk's  Cap, 

231 

White, 

146 

Wallace's, 

230 

Wier's, 

146 

Wood, 

231 

Marjoram, 

247 

Lily  of  the  Valley, 

182 

Wild, 

247 

Shrub, 

262 

Marguerite, 

178 

Linden, 

329 

Marsh  Rosemary, 

326 

American, 

339 

Matrimony  Vine, 

237 

Pyramidal, 

339 

May, 

186 

Silver-leaved, 

339 

English, 

186 

Weeping, 

339 

Apple, 

266 

Live  Forever, 

317 

Mayflower, 

195 

Liver  Leaf, 

210 

Meadow  Beauty, 

279 

Locust, 

285 

Rue, 

335 

Black, 

285 

Tall, 

335 

Golden, 

285 

Mezereum, 

188 

Thornless, 

285 

Michaelmas  Daisies, 

161 

Loose  Strife, 

238 

Mock  Orange, 

253 

Japanese, 

238 

Double, 

254 

Purple, 

238 

Monkshood, 

147,  148 

Lungwort,                                241, 

275 

Fisher's, 

147 

Lyme-grass, 

194 

Wild, 

147 

Blue, 

194 

Variegated, 

148 

402 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Moon-flower, 

218 

Oak,  Swamp, 

276 

Moon-seed, 

241 

Willow-leaved, 

277 

Montbretia, 

341 

Oak  Galls, 

382 

Moorwort, 

155 

Old  Woman, 

159 

Mosquito  Plant, 

352 

Oleaster, 

194 

Moss  Pink, 

258 

Japanese, 

194 

White, 

258 

Onion, 

151 

Mountain  Ash, 

320 

Flowering, 

151 

American, 

320 

Orchis, 

206 

European, 

320 

Yellow  Fringed, 

206 

Golden, 

321 

Osage  Orange, 

340 

Oak-  leaved, 

321 

Osier, 

183 

Weeping, 

321 

Red,                                 183, 

184 

Mountain  Fleece, 

326 

Variegated, 

184 

Mountain's  Cranberry, 

347 

Oswego  Tea, 

242 

Mountain  Holly, 

245 

Outdoor  Culture  of  Roses, 

361 

Laurel,                   (111. 

23,73)  223 

Ox-eye,                                      168, 

209 

Tobacco, 

159 

Oyster-shell  Scale,  The, 

385 

Mulberry, 

242 

Red, 

243 

P 

Tea's  Weeping, 

243 

Paeony, 

249 

White, 

243 

Cut-leaved, 

249 

Munstead  White, 

157 

Common, 

249 

Musk-mallow, 

240 

Tree, 

249 

White, 

240 

Pagoda  Tree, 

319 

Myrtle, 

352 

Pampas  Grass,                  (111.  75) 

241 

White, 

352 

Japanese, 

241 

Variegated, 

352 

Ornamental, 

241 

Variegated, 

241 

N 

Paris  Green, 

386 

Narcissus, 

244 

Parsley, 
Giant 

211 
211 

Nettle-  tree, 
New  Jersey  Tea, 
Nine  Bark, 

174 
173 
258 

Partridge  Berry, 
Pasque  Flower, 

242 
156 

11  C 

Pea, 

225 

Pink  Perennial, 

225 

O 

White  Perennial, 

225 

Oak, 

276 

Peach, 

272 

Chestnut, 

277 

Double  Rose  Colored, 

272 

English, 

278 

Double  White, 

272 

English  Golden, 

278 

Double  Purple  Leaved, 

272 

English  Weeping, 

278 

Pearl-bush, 

198 

Mossy-cupped, 

277 

Pea  Tree, 

171 

Pin, 

277 

Peppermint, 

241 

Pyramidal, 

278 

Pepperidge, 

245 

Red, 

278 

Periwinkle, 

352 

Scarlet, 

277 

Pig  Nut, 

212 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES'AND  PLANTS. 


403 


Pine, 

263 

Poplar, 

(111.  49)  268 

Austrian, 

263 

Balsam, 

269 

Bull, 

264 

Bolle's, 

268 

Japanese, 

263 

Carolina, 

269 

Japanese  Black, 

263 

Cottonwood, 

269 

Lofty  Bhotan, 

263 

Golden-leaved, 

269 

Pitch, 

265 

Lombardy, 

(111.  49)  269 

Red, 

264 

Weeping, 

269 

Scotch, 

265 

White, 

269 

Sun-ray, 

263 

Poppy, 

250 

Swiss  Mountain,      (111. 

115)  264 

Iceland, 

250 

Swiss  Stone, 

263 

Iceland  White, 

250 

White, 

265 

Oriental, 

250 

White  Dwarf, 

265 

Parkman's, 

250 

Phlox, 

255 

Poppy  Mallow, 

169 

Canadian, 

257 

Prairie  Dock, 

319 

Caroline, 

255 

Preface, 

9 

Hairy-leaved, 

255 

Prickly  Pear, 

247 

Perennial, 

255 

Primrose, 

246 

Smooth-leaved 

255 

Common, 

271 

Pink, 

190 

Missouri, 

246 

Carthusian, 

191 

Siebold's, 

271 

Double  Garden, 

191 

Privet, 

227 

Grass, 

191 

Amoor  River. 

227 

Scotch, 

191 

California, 

228 

Pink-root, 

321 

Common, 

228 

Pitcher  Plant, 

313 

Japanese, 

228 

Plants  for  Bog  Gardens, 

390 

Japanese  Upright, 

227 

For  Special  Purposes, 

389 

Pruning, 

359 

Plane-tree, 

265 

Oriental, 

266 

Q 

Planting  Plans, 
Plantain  Lily, 
Fortune's, 
Lance-leaved, 

130-141 
201 
201 
202 

Queen  of  the  Meadows, 
Quince, 
Japan, 

344 
187 
187 

Ovate-  leaved, 

202 

Siebold's, 

202 

Rattlesnake, 

205 

Ragged  Robin, 

237 

Variegated, 

202 

Raspberry, 

307 

Plum, 

271 

Flowering, 

307 

Beach, 

272 

Red  Spider,  The, 

384 

Flowering, 

273 

Reed-grass, 

160 

Purple-leaved, 

271 

Rest  Harrow, 

247 

Plume  Poppy, 

168 

Round-leaved, 

247 

Poker  Plant, 

223 

Rhododendrons, 

(111.  101)  103 

Polyanthus, 

271 

Rhodora, 

163 

Polypody, 

268 

Canadian, 

163 

404 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Rhubarb, 

279 

Savin,  Tamarisk-leared, 

221 

Ornamental, 

279 

Scotch  Broom, 

188 

Roadside  Vine  Effects, 

117 

Sea  Holly, 

196 

Rock  Cress, 

158,  163 

Sea  Lavender, 

326 

Rock  Garden, 

(111.  113) 

Sea-pink, 

159 

Rose  Acacia, 

284 

Shadbush, 

153 

Chafer,  The, 

383 

Common, 

153 

Culture, 

361 

Dwarf, 

153 

Rose-leaf  Hopper, 

382 

Shearing, 

359 

Rose  Mallow, 

211 

Sheepberry, 

350 

Rose  Plant  Louse,  or  Aphis 

,          383 

Shepherd's  Flower, 

220 

Roses, 

285 

Shooting  Star, 

193 

Alpine, 

286 

Shrubs  for  Special  Purposes, 

389 

Austrian, 

295 

With  Ornamental  Fruit, 

392 

Baby  Rambler, 

294 

Silk  Vine, 

253 

Bourbon, 

303 

Silverbell, 

206 

Climbing, 

291 

Solomon's  Seal, 

267 

Hybrid  Perpetual, 

295 

Smoke  tree, 

282 

Hybrid  Tea, 

303 

Snakeroot, 

198 

Japanese, 

286 

White, 

198 

Memorial, 

286 

Sneeze  wort, 

205 

Persian, 

295 

Dwarf, 

205 

Polyantha, 

303 

Snowball, 

351 

Prairie, 

290 

Common, 

351 

Red-leaved, 

291 

Japanese,                  (ID.  12l) 

352 

Scotch, 

291 

Summer, 

214 

Sweet  Briar, 

290 

Snowberry, 

328 

Swamp, 

285 

Snowdrop, 

203 

Rosinweed, 

319 

Soap-  wort, 

313 

Rue, 

309 

Sorrel  Tree, 

248 

Rupture-wort, 

211 

Sour  Gum, 

245 

Rusty  Woodsia, 

355 

Southernwood, 

159 

Roman, 

159 

S 

Small, 

159 

Sacaline, 

268 

Spearmint, 

241 

Sage, 

255 

Speedwell, 

347 

Jerusalem, 

255 

Bastard, 

348 

Meadow, 

311 

Common, 

348 

Silver-leaved, 

311 

Creeping, 

348 

White  Meadow, 

311 

Culver's, 

348 

Sand  Cherry, 

273 

Gentian-leaved, 

347 

Sand  Myrtle, 

226 

Hoary, 

348 

Sand  wort, 

158 

Long-leaved, 

348 

San  Jose  Scale, 

371 

Rock, 

348 

Sassafras, 

313 

Spiked, 

348 

Savin, 

221 

Spice-bush, 

165 

Prostrate, 

221 

Spiderwort, 

340 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


405 


Spidenrort,  White, 

340 

Sumach,  Shining, 

282 

Spike  Grass, 

346 

Smooth, 

283 

Spindle  Tree,                     (111. 

83)  197 

Staghorn, 

283 

Spring  Adonis, 

149 

Osbeck's, 

283 

Crocus, 

187 

Summer  Hyacinth, 

203 

Spruce, 

259 

Sun  Drops, 

246 

Alcock's, 

259 

Flower, 

208 

Black, 

261 

Double, 

208 

Colorado  Blue, 

262 

Hairy-leaved, 

208 

Cushion, 

260 

Sun-rose, 

207 

Douglas', 

273 

Double, 

205 

Engleman's,                (ill. 

15)  260 

Swamp  Bay, 

239 

Eastern, 

261 

Swamp  Honeysuckle, 

163 

Finedon, 

260 

White, 

163 

Glory  of  the  Spruces, 

259 

Swamp-pink, 

163 

Inverted, 

261 

Sweet  Flag, 

148 

Roster's  Blue, 

262 

Variegated, 

148 

Norway, 

260 

Sweet  Gum, 

232 

Norway  Golden, 
Pyramidal, 

260 
261 

Pepperbush, 
Rocket, 

(111.  55)  181 
211 

Tiger  Tail, 

262 

Williams, 

190 

White, 

259 

Woodruff, 

160 

Gall  Louse, 

384 

Sycamore, 

265 

Spurge, 
Flowering, 

198 
198 

Syringa, 
Golden, 

253 
253 

Squill, 

315 

Gordon's, 

254 

Stagger  Bush, 

263 

Lemoine's, 

254 

Star-wort, 

326 

St.  Bruno's  Lily, 

251 

T 

St.  John's  Wort, 

215 

Shrubby, 

215 

Table  of  Contents, 

7 

Stonecrop, 

315 

Tamarisk, 

333 

Aizoon, 

315 

African, 

333 

Ewer's, 

316 

Common, 

333 

Middendorfs, 

316 

Tansy, 

333 

Orange, 

316 

Thorn, 

185 

Purple-leaved, 

316 

Cockspur, 

186 

Showy, 

316 

Double  White, 

186 

Siebold's, 

317 

Evergreen, 

275 

Trailing, 

317 

Lavalle's, 

185 

White, 

315 

Paul's  Scarlet, 

186 

Yellow, 

315 

Scarlet, 

186 

Strawberry-bush, 

197 

Washington, 

186 

Sugar  Maple  Borer, 

380 

Thoroughwort, 

198 

Sumach, 

282 

Thrift, 

159 

Cut-leaved, 

283 

Tick-seed, 

(111.  53)  182 

Fragrant, 

282 

Tick  Trefoil, 

226 

406 


A  PRACTICAL  HAND  BOOK 


Thyme, 

Common, 

Creeping, 

Golden-leaved, 

Gray-leaved, 
Trailing  Arbutus, 
Tree  of  Heaven, 
Trees  for  Special  Purposes, 

With  Distinct  Colored 
Other  Than  Green, 

With  Ornamental  Fruit, 
Tritoma, 
Trumpet  Vine, 

Chinese, 
Tulip, 
Tulip  Tree, 

Tupelo, 
Turtlehead, 
Tussock  Moth, 


Valerian, 

Greek, 

Red, 

Varnish  Tree, 
Vetch, 

Bitter, 

Vines  and  Climbers, 
Virgin's  Bower, 
Virginia  Creeper, 
Violet, 

Bird's  Foot, 

Common  Blue, 

Horned, 

Russian, 

White, 
Vites, 

Cut-leaved, 

Variegated, 


W 


Wake  Robin, 

Walnut, 
Black, 
English, 

Water-leaf, 


338 

Water  Lily, 

245 

338 

Cape  Cod, 

245 

338 

Water  Margin  Planting, 

(111.  87) 

338 

Wayfaring  Tree, 

350 

338 

Weigelia, 

192 

195 

Variegated, 

192 

150 

White, 

192 

es,            389 

When  to  Plant, 

357 

2d  Leaves 

White  Cup, 

245 

>en,          393 

White  Marked  Tussock 

Moth, 

ruit,         392 

The, 

378 

223 

White  Rod, 

349 

334 

Wild  Senna, 

172 

335 

Marjoram, 

247 

(111.  35)  343 

Pink, 

318 

232 

Willow, 

309 

245 

Babylonian, 

(111.  39)  309 

177 

Golden-barked, 

311 

378 

Golden  Weeping, 

309 

Glass, 

310 

Kilmarnock, 

310 

174 

Laurel  -leaved, 

310 

267 

New  American, 

310 

174 

Red-barked, 

311 

224 

Rosemary, 

310 

225 

Silky, 

311 

225 

Thurlow's, 

309 

392 

Wisconsin, 

309 

181 

White, 

309 

154 

2C7 

Virginian, 

219 

ooo 
w 

Witch  Hazel, 

206 

\J<JO 

353 

Common, 

206 

353 

Japanese, 

206 

353 

Windflower, 

155,  156 

353 

Japanese, 

155 

154 

Pennsylvania, 

156 

154 

Winter  Protection, 

357 

154 

Woodbine, 

154 

Clinging, 

154 

Wood  Lily, 

340 

340 

Wormwood, 

159 

220 

Roman, 

159 

220 

True, 

159 

220 

Wound-  wort, 

325 

215 

Whoolly, 

325 

TREES,  SHRUBS,  VINES  AND  PLANTS. 


407 


Yarrow, 

Double  White, 
Double  Yellow, 

Yellowroot, 


147 
147 
147 
356 


Yew, 

American, 
English, 
Golden, 
Irish, 


333 
334 
334 
334 
334 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

JENVIRONMENTAIi  DESIGN  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 

JAN    3  1966 


JUNib   • 

OEC  5    1980 

•*•    O     1  r 

DFP      7  1Q70 

••**rW            |     131*3 

9 

T  r»  01    AH™  1  1\  '«t:                                     General  Library 
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